Sensory

Question 1

Extroceptors

Answer 1

External surface

Question 2

Introceptors

Answer 2

In vessels or tissues of organs

Question 3

Proprioceptors

Answer 3

In muscles joints and inner ear

Question 4

By stimulus

Mechanorecptors

Answer 4

Mechanical energy

Question 5

Thermoreceptors

Answer 5

Temp energy

Question 6

Nociceptors

Answer 6

Damage to tissue

Question 7

Photoreceptors

Answer 7

Light energy

Question 8

Chemoreptors

Answer 8

Chemical energy

Question 9

Osmoreceptors

Answer 9

Osmotic pressure of body fluids

Question 10

Light modality

Answer 10

Photoreceptors of retina

To the ganglion cell then to brain

Question 11

Sound modality

Answer 11

Air pressure

Cochlea where the receptive organs can sense it

Question 12

Taste modality receptor cells in taste buds

Answer 12

Particular tats in single medullary nucleus

Question 13

Temperature modality

Answer 13

Through cold and hot temp.

Cutaneous somatosensory system

Question 14

Pressure modality

Answer 14

Gives infor regarding cuntaneous stimuli

Question 15

Smell modality

Answer 15

Called olfaction

Synapse at the olfactory cranial nerves

Question 16

Adaption in sensory Receptors

Answer 16

Descremases in sensitivity of Receptors during a maintained constant stimulus
Impulses decrease
Perception or sensation may fade
Receptors vary on how quickly adapt
Rapid adapting when signal ch ages in a stimulus
Slow adapting is continuing to monitor pain body position and chemical composition of blood

Question 17

Somatic sensation

Answer 17

Arise from stimulation of sensory Receptors in skin, certain muscles membranes, muscles, tendons joints and inter ear

Question 18

Tactile sensations

Answer 18

Activation of encapsulated mechanoreptors for touch pressure and vibration
Activation of free nerve ending for itch and tickle

Question 19

Thermal sensation

Answer 19

Activation of thermoreptor free nerve ending that adapt rapidly but generate impulses at lower frequency for prolonged stimulus

Stimulate nocipetors instead, producing painful sensation when temps are above or below

Question 20

Pain sensations

Answer 20

Activation of nociceptor free nerve endings

Question 21

Localization of pain sensations

Answer 21

Somatic fast pain
Very precisely localized to simulated area
Somatic slow pain
More diffuse appears to come from larger area of skin
Referred pain
Involves visceral nociceptors
Pains appears to come from area of skin served by the same segment of spinal cord
Can be overlying stimulated organ or far away but precisely mapped based on shared neutral pathway

Question 22

Two point discrimination

Answer 22

Ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one.

Question 23

Proprioception sensations

Answer 23

Activation of proprioception for awareness of movements and position of head and limbs
Monitor degree of muscle contraction and many of tension on tendons
In ear. Relative to gravity
Muscle spindles
Detect muscle length(stretch reflex)
Tendon organs
Detect tendon tension

Question 24

Somatic sensory pathways

Answer 24

Relay info from somatic sensory Receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
Acending pathways is set of 3 neurons
First order impulse from somatic to CNS
Second order decussate in spinal cord or brain stem then Cary to thalamus
Third order- impulse from thalamus to postcentral gurus on same side
P

Question 25

Spinothalamic

Answer 25

If you step on thumbtack
You realize something sharp on foot
Your spinothalamic intralaminar projections and spinoreticular tract chase you to feel ouch
And spinomesenspjalic tracy leads to pain modulation
Allowing us to think we feel better

Question 26

Basal nuclei

Answer 26

Receive input from sensory, associating and motor areas of cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Responds with feedback signals through thalamus
Synape with upper motor neurons that go to the motor cortex areas that initiate and terminate movements
Send impulses to thalamus and midbrain to suppress unwanted movements
Send impulses to brain stem to reduce muscle tone

Question 27

Movement of cerebellum

Answer 27

Active in both learning and performing rapid coordinating highly skilled movements
Monitors intentions for movements
Received input though pins from cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
Monitors actual movemnts
revives input from proprioceptors
Compared intentions and actual movemnts
Sends out correcting feedback if any discrepancy

Question 28

Analgesia

Answer 28

The inability to feel pain
Aspirin and ibuprofen
Considered anti- inflammatory