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Nerves And Senses A&P > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Location

A

Ganglia are close to the CNS alongside of Vertebral Column (sympathetic trunk ganglia) and anterior to the Vertebral column prevertebral ganglia)

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2
Q

Sympathetic Receptors

A

alpha, beta 1 and beta 2.
When the alpha receptor is stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, the arteries constrict. This increases the blood pressure and the blood flow returning to the heart

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3
Q

Parasympathetic Receptors

A

muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors
receptor is stimulated, it causes a decrease in the heart rate, a decrease in heart contractility and a decrease in the size of the bronchioles. When we are at rest, we can slow down and conserve energy.

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4
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

All preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release ACH

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5
Q

Sympathetic Neurotransmitter

A

All preganglionic fibers release ACH. Most postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine fibers. Postganglionic serving sweat glands release
ACH.
Neurotransmitter activity is augumented by release of adrenal medullary hormones
(Norepinephrine and epinephrine)

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6
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Paralysis of facial muscles on affected side and partial loss of taste sensation.

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7
Q

Parasympathetic actions

A

D. Division
Digestion
Defection
Diuresis (urination)

Conserves energy

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8
Q

Sympathetic Actions

A 
E division
Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarrassment

Flight or Fight

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9
Q

Parasympathetic location

A

Ganglia (terminal) are within the visceral organ( intramural) or close to organ served

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10
Q

Dual innervation

A

Parasympathetic promotes maintain equal functions and conserves energy
And the sympathetic mobilizes body
Both serve same organs but cause opposite effects. While one stimulates certain smooth muscles to contract or gland to secrete the other inhibits that action.
ANTAGONISTIC CONTROL

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11
Q

Sympathetic process

A

1) fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
2a) preganglionic fibers are short
2b) postganglionic fibers are long
3) ganglia are close to spinal cord
Lateral horns and T1-L2

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Process

A

1) Fibers originate in the brain stem
2a) preganglionic fibers are long
2b) postganglionic fibers are short
3) ganglia are within or near visceral effector organs
S2-s4

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13
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

A neuromuscular disability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled or paralyzed as a result of brain damage. Largest bases of physical disability.

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14
Q

Proprioception difficulties

A

Is unaware of environment or feel secure in our environment. Feel scattered or disjointed.

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15
Q

Sciatic nerve injury

A

Caused by fall, disc herniation or badly placed injection. Stabbing pain radiating over the course of the sciatic nerve, sometimes causing foot drop due to leg not being able to be flexed

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16
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Caused by inflammation of trigeminal nerve, considered to produced most excruciating pain. In the face. A loop of artery view that compresses the trigeminal nerve near its exit from brainstem.

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17
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Degeneration of dopamine. As neurons deteriorate the dopamine deprived basal nuclei they target becomes overactive.
GABA is a possible future treatment. This inhibits the abnormal Brian activity just as the electrical stimulation does and alleviating tremors

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18
Q

The pathway of light

A 
Light through the eye to the Cornea~
Aqueous humor~ 
Through pupil
Lens~ 
vitreous humor ~ 
Retina
Optic Nerve ~ Brain ~ Occipital Lobe
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19
Q

The Pathway of Sound

A

Auricle

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20
Q

Glaucoma

A

When Drainage in the aqueous humor is blocked, fluid backs up as a clogged sink. Pressure within the eye may increase to dangerous levels and compress the retina and optic nerve

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21
Q

Presbyopia

A

Old people’s vision. Begins to set around 40 owing to decreasing lens elasticity. As a result, it begins to scatter light causing a glare that is distressing

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22
Q

LASIK surgery

A

Surgeon creates a precise thin hinged corneal flap using a microkeratome. The surgeon then pulls back the flap to expose the underlying corneal tissue and then reshape a the cornea

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23
Q

Motion sickness

A

Appears to be due to sensory input mismatches
Your vestibular apparatus detects movement and sends impulses that disagree with the visual information. Brain is confused when received by cortex

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24
Q

Endoneurium

A

Enclosed fibers around myelin sheaths
Schwann cells.
Around Axon

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25
Q

Perineurium

A

Binds groups of axons into bundles called axons

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26
Q

Epineurium

A

Around the fascicles.

From dura matter of cns

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27
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons outside CNS. Along with associated connective tissues and blood vessels
Part of Peripheral Nervous System

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28
Q

I. Olfactory

A

Sensory (Smell)

Purely sensory

29
Q

II. Optic

A

Yes sensory only

Vision

30
Q

III. Oculomotor

A

Motor eyelid and eyeball movement

Causes pupillary construction

31
Q

IV.

Trochlear

A

Motor
Interacted superior oblique
Turns eye downward and laterally

32
Q

V. Trigeminal

A 
Sensory and Motor
Function
Chewing 
face and mouth touch and pain
The major sensory nerve of face 
Largest nerve
33
Q

VI.

Abducens

A

Motor
Movement of eye
to move eyeball laterally

34
Q

VII.

Facial

A

Mixed

Mixed nerves that chief motor nerves of face
Controls facial expressions
Secretion of tears and saliva
Taste
Impaired by Bell's palsy
35
Q

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory
In sense of hearing and equilibrium.

Hear & maintain balance

36
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal

A

Mixed
Sensory impulses for taste
Senses carotid blood pressure

37
Q

X Vagus

A 
Mixed
Senses aortic blood pressure 
Slows heart rate 
Stimulates digestive organs 
Taste

Regulates heart activity
75 of sympathetic nerve

38
Q

XI. Accessory

A

Motor
Movement of head
Controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
Controls swallowing movements

39
Q

XII. Hypoglossal

A

Motor
Functions in movement of tongue
Serves the tongue muscles

40
Q

Cranial nerves nemonics

A 
Oh 
Once
One
Takes
The 
Anatomy 
Final 
Very 
Good 
Vacations
Are
Heavenly
41
Q

Spinal nerves named and numbered

A 
8 pairs of cervical
12 pairs of thoracic
5 pairs of lumbar
5 sacral 
1 coccygeal
42
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Mixed nerves

Carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between spinal cord and body

43
Q

Roots Vs Rami

A

Rootlets extend out of spinal cord medially and combine to forms ROOTS
The roots combine to form the spinal nerve and then they split apart again and again and called RAMI.
The dorsal root is posterior to the ventral (front) root

44
Q

Spinal nerves Plexuses

A

Except for T2-T12 anterior rami do not go directly to body structures but instead form plexus

45
Q

Shingles

A

Inflammation of virally infected sensory neurons serving the skin

46
Q

Reflexes

A

Fast involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to stimulus

47
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Involves contraction of skeletal muscles
Monosynaptic or polysynaptic
Motor and sensory part of reflex arc
Receptor is necessary

48
Q

Reflexes Autonomic reflex

A

Involved contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle or stimulation of gland. Often not perceived consciously

49
Q

Reflex Arc

A

The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest sensory nerve and motor nerve with a synapse between

50
Q

Flexor reflex

A

The withdrawal reflex( nociceptive or flexor withdrawal reflex) is a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli

51
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

Synapse with motor neuron

52
Q

Polysynaptic

A

Synapse with one or more interneurons as well as motor neuron

53
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles, adjusts it reflexively
Causes muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length ( stretch)
Receptors are muscle spindles

54
Q

Diagnostic value of testing reflex activity

A

Assessing condition of the Nervous System. Indicates degeneration or pathology of portions of the nerves, can pin point an area of a spinal cord Injury.

55
Q

Patellae reflex

A

Excited muscle spindles of quads. Afferent femoral nerve to Effexor nerve to make contrAction. And hamstring to resist

56
Q

somatic neurons

A 
Somatic 
Voluntary effectors: strained muscles
Single motor neuron from spinal cord to target organ
NT always stimulatory 
ACH released at synapse
Effector at rest is flaccid 
Function posture and movement
57
Q

Autonomic

A 
Involuntary effectors 
Smooth & cardiac muscle glands
Usually 2 neurons with synapse
(Ganglion) between from spinal cord to target organ
ACH and Ne released at synapse
Effector at rest has intrinsic tone 
NT stimulators or inhibitory 
Visceral functions, including movement in internal organs and secretion; control of metabolism
58
Q

Glands that receive sympathetic input

A

Skin

Sweat glands, arrector pilli, vasculature, and adrenal glands

59
Q

Pupil of eye

A

Sympathetic
Dilated
Parasympathetic
Constricts

60
Q

Salivary glands

A

Sympathetic
Mucus enzymes
Parasympathetic
Watery secretion

61
Q

Heart

A

Sympathetic
Increases rate and forces of contraction
Parasympathetic
Slows rate

62
Q

Lungs

A

Sympathetic
Bronchioles dislates
Parasympathetic
Bronchioles constrict

63
Q

Digestive tracts

A

Sympathetic
Decreases motility and secretion
Parasympathetic
Increased motility and secretion

64
Q

Sensation

A

Conscious or subconscious detention of changes in the extern or internal environment

65
Q

Perception

A

Is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

66
Q

Sensory modality

A

One unique type of sensation

General senses- somatic and visceral Receptors

Special senses- Receptors for smell, taste vision hearing and equilibrium

67
Q

Process of sensation

A 
Stimulation
Transduction of the stimulus (converts to graded potential)
Generation of nerve impulses
Integration of sensory input 
To certain regions of cerebral cortex
68
Q

Test v1 v2 v3

A

Ophthalmic division
V1
Maxillary division v2
Mandíbular division v3

Nerves And Senses A&P (3 decks)

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