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Intro to Neuro > Sensorimotor System > Flashcards

Sensorimotor System Flashcards

1
Q
  • a specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the internal or external environment and converts this energy into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane
A

receptor cell

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2
Q
  • a physical event that triggers a sensory response
A

stimulus

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3
Q
  • the concept that each nerve to the brain reports only a particular type of information
A

labeled lines

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4
Q
  • a local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell in response to stimuli, which may initiate an action potential
A

generator potential

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5
Q
  • the process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane
A

sensory transduction

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6
Q
  • a skin receptor cell type that detects vibration and pressure
  • tiny onion-like structure embedded in the innermost layer of the skin
  • acts as a filter
  • vibrations only of 200 or more cycles per second to stimulate sensory nerve endings inside
  • texture sensitivity
A

Pacinian corpuscle (lamellated corpuscle)

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7
Q
  • the stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential in a sensory cell
A

threshold

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8
Q
  • a skin receptor cell type that detects light touch, responding especially to changes in stimuli
  • localized movement between the skin and a surface
A

Meissner’s corpuscle (tactile corpuscle)

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9
Q
  • a skin receptor cell type that detects light touch, responding especially to edges and isolated points on a surface
A

Merkel’s disc

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10
Q
  • skin receptor cell type that detects stretching of the skin
  • sparsely distributed in the skin
    movement of fingers or limbs
A

Ruffini corpuscle

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11
Q
  • an axon that terminated in the skin and has no specialized cell associated with it
  • detect pain and/or changes in temperature
A

free nerve ending

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12
Q
  • set of specialized receptors and neural mechanisms responsible for body sensations such as touch and pain
A

somatosensory systems

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13
Q
  • stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system
  • alters neuron’s firing rate
  • differ in size, shape, and quality of stimulation that activates them
A

receptive field

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14
Q
  • progressive loss of receptor response as stimulation is maintained
  • allows us to ignore unimportant events
A

sensory adaptation

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15
Q
  • receptor in which the frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained
A

phasic receptor

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16
Q
  • receptor in which the frequency of action potentials declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained
A

tonic receptor

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17
Q
  • process in which higher brain centers, such as the cortex and thalamus, suppress more sources of sensory information and amplify others
A

central modulation of sensory information

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18
Q
  • somatosensory system that delivers most touch stimuli via the dorsal columns of spinal white matter to the brain
A

dorsal column system

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19
Q
  • strip of skin innervates by a particular spinal nerve
A

dermatome

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20
Q
  • brain region at the top of the brain stem that trade information with the cortex
A

thalamus

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21
Q
  • the region of cortex that receives most of the information about that modality from the thalamus
  • located in the postcentral gyrus in each hemisphere (long strip of tissue that lies just posterior to the central sulcus dividing the parietal and frontal lobe)
  • receives touch information from opposite side of the body
A

primary sensory cortex (S1)

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22
Q
  • the cortical regions receiving direct projecting from primary sensory cortex for that modality
A

nonprimary sensory cortex (secondary sensory cortex)

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23
Q
  • sensory areas in the brain that process a mixture of inputs from different modalities
A

association areas

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24
Q
  • a neuron upon which information from more than one sensory system converges
  • allows different sensory systems to interact
A

polymodal neuron

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25
Q
  • condition in which stimuli in one modality evoke the involuntary experience of an additional sensation in another modality
A

synesthesia

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26
Q
  • the discomfort normally associated with tissue damage
A

pain

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27
Q
  • receptor that responds to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage
A

nociceptor

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28
Q
  • receptor found in some free nerve endings that opens its channel in response to rising temperatures
A

transient receptor potential type M3 (TRPM3)

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29
Q
  • moderately large, myelinated, and therefore fast-conducting axon that usually transmits pain information
  • action potentials in these fibers reach the spinal cord very quickly
A

A delta (A3) fiber

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30
Q
  • small, unmyelinated axons that conducts pain information slowly and adapts slowly
  • posses TRPV1
A

C fiber

31
Q
  • somatosensory system that carries most of the pain information from the body to the brain
  • receives its input from the contralateral side of the body
A

anterolateral system (spinothalamic system)

32
Q
  • peptide transmitter that is involved in pain transmission
  • boosts pain signals and remodels pain pathway neurons
A

substance P

33
Q
  • region of medical cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum
  • part of limbic system
  • extent of activation correlates with how much discomfort different people report in response to the same mildly painful stimulus
  • different subregions seem to mediate emotional versus sensory aspects of pain
A

cingulate cortex

34
Q
  • pain that persists long after the injury that started it has healed
  • ex. phantom limb pain
A

neuropathic pain

35
Q
  • absences of or reduction in pain
A

analgesia

36
Q
  • one of three kinds of endogenous opioids
  • relieve pain sensations
A

endorphin

37
Q
  • delivery of electrical pulses through electrodes attached to the skin, which excite nerves that supply the region to which pain is referred
  • may bring dramatic relief lasting for hours
A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

38
Q
  • potential antagonist of opiates that is often administered to people who have taken drug overdoses
  • blocks receptors for endogenous opioids
A

naloxone

39
Q
  • relief of a symptom that results following a treatment that is known to be ineffective or inert
A

placebo effect

40
Q
  • the insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to alleviate pain or neurological malfunction
A

acupuncture

41
Q
  • a single relocation of a body part, usually resulting from a brief muscle contraction
A

movement

42
Q
  • a simple, highly stereotyped and unlearned response to a particular stimulus
A

reflex

43
Q
  • complex behavior, as distinct from a simple movement
A

act

44
Q
  • plan for a series of muscular contractions, established in the nervous system prior to its execution
A

motor plan

45
Q
  • the electrical recording of muscle activity
A

electromyography (EMG)

46
Q
  • a muscle that counteracts the effect of another muscle
A

antagonist

47
Q
  • a muscle that acts together with another muscle
A

synergist

48
Q
  • neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles (or glands)
A

motor neuron

49
Q
  • the region where the motor neuron terminal meets its target muscle fiber
  • the point where the nerve transmits its message to the muscle fiber
A

neuromuscular junction

50
Q
  • neurotransmitter that is produced and released bu the autonomic nervous system, by motor neurons, and by neurons throughout the brain
A

acetylcholine (ACh)

51
Q
  • the motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord, so called because they receive and integrate all motor signals from the brain to direct movement
A

final common pathway

52
Q
  • body sense
  • information about the position and movement of the body
A

proprioception

53
Q
  • a muscle receptor that lies parallel to a muscle and sends impulse to the central nervous system when the muscle is stretched
  • capsule buried within the other fibers of the muscle
    contain intrafusal fibers
A

muscle spindle

54
Q
  • any of the small muscle fibers that lie within each muscle spindle
A

intrafusal fiber

55
Q
  • a type of receptor found within tendons that sends impulses to the central nervous system when a muscle contracts
  • sensitive to muscle tension
  • monitoring the force of muscle contractions
  • provides second source of sensory information about the muscle
A

Golgi tendon organ

56
Q
  • the contraction of a muscle in response to stretch of that muscle
A

stretch reflex

57
Q
  • the motor system that included neurons within the cerebral cortex and their axons, which form the pyramidal tract
  • consists of neuronal cell bodies within the frontal cortex and their axons, which pass through the brainstem
A

pyramidal system (corticospinal system)

58
Q
  • motor system that includes the basal ganglia and some closely related brain stem structures
  • axons of this system pass into the spinal cord outside of pyramids of the medulla
A

extra pyramidal system

59
Q
  • the apparent executive region for the initiation of movement
  • primarily the precentral gyrus
  • major source of axons forming the pyramidal tract
  • organized as a map of the contralateral side of the body
A

primary motor cortex (MI)

60
Q
  • the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus that is crucial for motor control
A

precentral gyrus

61
Q
  • frontal lobe regions adjacent to the primary motor cortex that contribute to motor control and modulate the activity of the primary motor cortex
  • anterior to MI
    emphasizes SMA and the premotor cortex
A

nonprimary motor cortex

62
Q
  • region of nonprimary motor cortex that receives input from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex
A

supplementary motor area (SMA)

63
Q
  • region of nonprimary motor cortex just anterior to the primary motor cortex
  • activated when motor sequences are guided by external events
A

premotor cortex

64
Q
  • paralysis; the loss of the ability to move
A

plegia

65
Q
  • muscular weakness, often the results of damage to motor cortex
A

paresis

66
Q
  • an impairment in the ability to carry out complex movements, even though there is no muscle paralysis
A

apraxia

67
Q
  • neuron that is active both when an individual makes a particular movement and when that individual make the same movement
A

mirror neuron

68
Q
  • a genetic disorder, with onset in middle age, in which the destruction of nasal ganglia results in a syndrome of abrupt, involuntary writhing movements and changes in mental functioning
A

Huntington’s disease

69
Q
  • a group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres
A

basal ganglia

70
Q
  • structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement and in some forms of learning
A

cerebellum

71
Q
  • a loss of movement coordination, often caused by disease of the cerebellum
A

ataxia

72
Q
  • difficulty of movement in which gestures are broken up into individual segments instead of being executed smoothly
  • symptom of cerebellar lesions
A

decomposition of movement

73
Q
  • a degenerative neurological disorder
  • characterized by tremors at rest, muscular rigidity, and reduction in voluntary movement
  • caused by loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
A

Parkinson’s disease

74
Q
  • a brainstem structure that is a major source of dopaminergic projections to the basal ganglia
A

substantia nigra

Intro to Neuro (2 decks)

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