Chemical Senses Flashcards
1
Q
- a measure of sound intensity, perceived as loudness
A
decibel (dB)
2
Q
- cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus
- measure of frequency
A
hertz (Hz)
3
Q
- the conversion of one form of energy to another
A
transduction
4
Q
- a tone with a single frequency of vibration
A
pure tone
5
Q
- the force that sound exerts per until area, which we experience as loudness
A
amplitude (intensity)
6
Q
- the number of cycles per second in a sound wave
- measured by hertz
A
frequency
7
Q
- the predominant frequency of an auditory tone
A
fundamental
8
Q
- a multiple of a particular frequency call the fundamental
A
harmonic
9
Q
- the characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics
A
timbre
10
Q
- the external part of the ear
A
pinna
11
Q
- the tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane
A
ear canal (auditory canal)
12
Q
- the cochlea and vestibular apparatus
A
inner ear
13
Q
- the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea
A
middle ear
14
Q
- the partition between the external ear and the middle ear
A
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
15
Q
- three small bones that transmit vibrations across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
- incus, malleus, stapes
A
ossicles
16
Q
- the opening from the middle ear to the inner ear
A
oval window
17
Q
- a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear canal that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing
A
cochlea
18
Q
- one of the three principal canals running a long the length of the cochlea
A
scala vestibuli (vestibular canal)
19
Q
- the central of the three spiraling canals inside the cochlea, situated between the vestibular canal and the tympanic canal
A
scala media (middle canal)
20
Q
- one of three principal canals running a long the length of the cochlea
A
scala tympani (tympanic canal)
21
Q
- a structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve
A
organ of Corti
22
Q
- one is the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea
- named for the stereocilia that protrude from the top of the cell and transduce vibrational energy in the cochlea into neural activity
A
hair cell
23
Q
- a membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction
A
basilar membrane
24
Q
- a tiny bristle that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system
A
stereocilium
25
- one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea
- compared with outer hair cells, IHC's are positioned closer to the central axis of the coiled cochlea
- afferents - convey to the brain the action potentials that provide the perception of sounds, make up about 95% of the fibers leading to the brain
- efferents - lead from the brain to IHCs, through which the brain can control the responsiveness of the IHCs
inner hair cell (IHC)
26
- one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea
- compared to with inner hair cells, OHCs are positioned farther from the central axis of the coiled cochlea
- afferents - convey information to the brain about mechanical state of the basilar membrane, but not the perception of sounds themselves
efferents - from the brain enable it to activate a remarkable property of OHCs, making them change their length almost instantaneously
outer hair cell (OHC)
27
- cranial nerve VIII, which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei
vestibulocohlear nerve
28
- brainstem nuclei that receive input from suitory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary nuclei
cochlear nuclei
29
- brainstem nuclei that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information
superior olivary nuclei
30
- paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information
inferior colliculi
31
- either of two nuclei, left and right, in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex
medical geniculate nucleus
32
- the organization of auditory neurons according to an orderly map of stimulus frequency, from low to high
tonotopic organization
33
- the cortical region, located on the superior surface of the temporal lobe, that processes complex sounds transmitted from lower auditory pathways
primary auditory cortex (AI)
34
- theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the location of activated hair cells along the length of the basilar membrane
place coding theory
35
- theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons
temporal coding theory
36
- a perceived difference in loudness between the two ears, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source
interatrial intensity difference (IID)
37
- a difference between the two years in the time of arrival of a sound, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source
interatrial temporal difference (ITD)
38
- the process by which the hills and valleys of the external ear alter the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound
spectral filtering
39
- a disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately or to sing
amusia
40
- decreased sensitivity to sound, in varying degrees
hearing loss
41
- hearing loss so profound that speech perception is lost
deafness
42
- a hearing impairment in which the ears fail to convert sound vibrations in air into waves of fluid in the cochlea
- associated with defects of the external ear or middle ear
conduction deafness
43
- a hearing impairment most often caused by the permanent damage or destruction of hair cells or by interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries auditory information to the brain
sensorineural deafness
44
- a sensation of noises or ringing in ears not caused by external sound
tinnitus
45
- a hearing impairment in which the auditory areas of the brain fail to process and interpret action potentials from sound stimulus in meaningful ways
- usually as a consequence of damage in auditory brain areas
central deafness
46
- a form of central deafness that is characterized by the specific inability to hear words although other sounds can be detected
word deafness
47
- a form of central deafness, caused by damage to both sides of the auditory cortex
- characterized by difficulty in recognizing all complex sounds, weather verbal or nonverbal
cortical deafness
48
- an electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes
cochlear implants
49
- the sensory system that detects balance
- consists of several call inner-ear structures that adjoin the cochlea
vestibular system
50
- any one of the three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that are part of the vestibular system
- each of the tubes, which are at right angles to each other, detects angular acceleration in a particular direction
semicircular canal
51
- an enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells of the vestibular system
ampulla
52
- brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve)
vestibular nuclei
53
- the experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as may occur in a car or boat
motion sickness
54
- the sense of taste combined with the sense of smell
flavor
55
- any of the five basic sensations detected by the tongue
- sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
taste
56
- a cluster of 50-150 cells that detects tastes
- found in papillae
taste buds
57
- a small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue
- contain most of the taste receptor cells
- circumvallate, foliate, fungiform
papilla
58
- family of taste receptor proteins that, when particular members bind together, form taste receptors for sweet flavors and umami flavors
T1R
59
- family of bitter taste receptors
T2R
60
- one of the five basic tastes, the meatly, savory flavor
umami
61
- sensory system that detects taste
gustatory system
62
- the sensation of smell
odor
63
- the sensory system that detects smell; the act of smelling
olfaction
64
- a sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions
olfactory epithelium
65
- an anterior projection of the brain that terminated in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell
olfactory bulb
66
- a complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells
glomerulus
67
- a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species
pheromone
68
- a specialized sensory system that detects pheromones and transmits information to the brain
vomeronasal system
69
- a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detects pheromones and sens electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
70
- any one of a family of probable pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium
trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR)
71
- the receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons
retina
72
- the conversion of one form of energy to another
- as converting light into neuronal activity
transduction
73
- the transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed
- bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina
cornea
74
- the bending of light rays by a change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes
refraction
75
- a structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina
lens
76
- one of the muscles that control the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina
ciliary muscle
77
- the process by which the ciliary muscles adjust the lens to bring nearby objects into focus
accommodation
78
- nearsightedness
- the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away
myopia
79
- one of the muscles attached to the eyeball that controls its position and movements
extraocular muscle
80
- neural cell in the retina that responds to light
photoreceptor
81
- a photoreceptor cell in the retina that is most active at low levels of light
rod
82
- any of several classes of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision
cone
83
- an interneuron in the retina that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells
bipolar cell
84
- any of a class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve
ganglion cell
85
- cranial nerve II; the collection of ganglion cell axons that extends from the retina to the brain
optic nerve
86
- a specialized retinal cell that contacts both photoreceptors and bipolar cells
horizontal cell
87
- a specialized retinal cell that contact both bipolar an ganglion cells and is especially significant to inhibitory interactions within the retina
amacrine cell
88
- a system in the retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods
scotopic system
89
- the phenomenon of neural connections in which many cells send signals to a single cell
convergence
90
- a system in the retina that operates at high levels of light
- shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones
photopic system
91
- the photo pigment in rods that responds to light
rhodopsin
92
- the opening, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye
pupil
93
- the circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil
iris
94
- the means by which sensory systems cover a wide range of intensity values
- each sensory receptor cell specializes in just one part of the overall range of intensities
range fractionation
95
- the tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match current levels of illumination
photoreceptor adaptation
96
- sharpness of vision
visual acuity
97
- the central portion of the retina, which is packed with the highest density of photoreceptors and is the center of our gaze
fovea
98
- the region of the retina that is devoid of photoreceptors because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there
optic disc
99
- the portion of the visual field from which light falls on the optic disc
blind spot
100
- the cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain, corresponding to the visual area of the cortex
occipital cortex (uiusal cortex)
101
- the point at which parts of the two optic nerves cross the midline
optic chiasm
102
- the axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm
- most of these axons terminate in the LNG
optic tract
103
- the part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas of the occipital cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus (LNG)
104
- axons from the LNG that terminated in the primary visual areas of the occipital cortex
optic radiation
105
- the region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives
primary visual cortex (VI)
106
- referring to two-eyed processes
binocular
107
- visual cortex outside the primary visual (striate) cortex
extratriate cortex
108
- the whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes
visual field
109
- a mapping that preserves the point-to-point correspondence between neighboring parts of space
topographic projections
110
- a region of blindness within the visual fields
- caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain
scotoma
111
- the paradoxical phenomenon whereby, within the scotoma, a person cannot consciously perceive visual cues but may still be able to make some visual discrimination
blindsight
112
- the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system
receptive field
113
- a retinal bipolar cells that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field
on-center bipolar cell
114
- a retinal bipolar cells that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field
off-center bipolar cell
115
- a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented on the center, rather than the periphery, of the cell's receptive field
on-center ganglion cell
116
- the length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound
wavelength
117
- one of three basic dimensions of light perception
- varying from dark to light
brightness
118
- one of three basic dimensions of light perception
- varying through the spectrum from violet to red
hue
119
- one of three basic dimensions of light perception
- varying from rich to pale
saturation
120
- a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones
- each excited by a different region is the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain
trichromatic hypothesis
121
- a hypothesis of color perception stating that different systems produce opposite responses to light of difference wavelengths
opponent-process hypothesis
122
- spatial disorientation in which the patient is unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance
optic ataxia
123
- reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments
amblyopia
