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Intro to Neuro > Chemical Senses > Flashcards

Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q
  • a measure of sound intensity, perceived as loudness
A

decibel (dB)

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2
Q
  • cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus
  • measure of frequency
A

hertz (Hz)

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3
Q
  • the conversion of one form of energy to another
A

transduction

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4
Q
  • a tone with a single frequency of vibration
A

pure tone

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5
Q
  • the force that sound exerts per until area, which we experience as loudness
A

amplitude (intensity)

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6
Q
  • the number of cycles per second in a sound wave
  • measured by hertz
A

frequency

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7
Q
  • the predominant frequency of an auditory tone
A

fundamental

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8
Q
  • a multiple of a particular frequency call the fundamental
A

harmonic

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9
Q
  • the characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics
A

timbre

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10
Q
  • the external part of the ear
A

pinna

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11
Q
  • the tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane
A

ear canal (auditory canal)

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12
Q
  • the cochlea and vestibular apparatus
A

inner ear

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13
Q
  • the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea
A

middle ear

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14
Q
  • the partition between the external ear and the middle ear
A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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15
Q
  • three small bones that transmit vibrations across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
  • incus, malleus, stapes
A

ossicles

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16
Q
  • the opening from the middle ear to the inner ear
A

oval window

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17
Q
  • a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear canal that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing
A

cochlea

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18
Q
  • one of the three principal canals running a long the length of the cochlea
A

scala vestibuli (vestibular canal)

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19
Q
  • the central of the three spiraling canals inside the cochlea, situated between the vestibular canal and the tympanic canal
A

scala media (middle canal)

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20
Q
  • one of three principal canals running a long the length of the cochlea
A

scala tympani (tympanic canal)

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21
Q
  • a structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve
A

organ of Corti

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22
Q
  • one is the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea
  • named for the stereocilia that protrude from the top of the cell and transduce vibrational energy in the cochlea into neural activity
A

hair cell

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23
Q
  • a membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction
A

basilar membrane

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24
Q
  • a tiny bristle that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system
A

stereocilium

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25
Q
  • one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea
  • compared with outer hair cells, IHC’s are positioned closer to the central axis of the coiled cochlea
  • afferents - convey to the brain the action potentials that provide the perception of sounds, make up about 95% of the fibers leading to the brain
  • efferents - lead from the brain to IHCs, through which the brain can control the responsiveness of the IHCs
A

inner hair cell (IHC)

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26
Q
  • one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea
  • compared to with inner hair cells, OHCs are positioned farther from the central axis of the coiled cochlea
  • afferents - convey information to the brain about mechanical state of the basilar membrane, but not the perception of sounds themselves
    efferents - from the brain enable it to activate a remarkable property of OHCs, making them change their length almost instantaneously
A

outer hair cell (OHC)

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27
Q
  • cranial nerve VIII, which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei
A

vestibulocohlear nerve

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28
Q
  • brainstem nuclei that receive input from suitory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary nuclei
A

cochlear nuclei

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29
Q
  • brainstem nuclei that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information
A

superior olivary nuclei

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30
Q
  • paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information
A

inferior colliculi

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31
Q
  • either of two nuclei, left and right, in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex
A

medical geniculate nucleus

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32
Q
  • the organization of auditory neurons according to an orderly map of stimulus frequency, from low to high
A

tonotopic organization

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33
Q
  • the cortical region, located on the superior surface of the temporal lobe, that processes complex sounds transmitted from lower auditory pathways
A

primary auditory cortex (AI)

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34
Q
  • theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the location of activated hair cells along the length of the basilar membrane
A

place coding theory

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35
Q
  • theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons
A

temporal coding theory

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36
Q
  • a perceived difference in loudness between the two ears, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source
A

interatrial intensity difference (IID)

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37
Q
  • a difference between the two years in the time of arrival of a sound, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source
A

interatrial temporal difference (ITD)

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38
Q
  • the process by which the hills and valleys of the external ear alter the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound
A

spectral filtering

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39
Q
  • a disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately or to sing
A

amusia

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40
Q
  • decreased sensitivity to sound, in varying degrees
A

hearing loss

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41
Q
  • hearing loss so profound that speech perception is lost
A

deafness

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42
Q
  • a hearing impairment in which the ears fail to convert sound vibrations in air into waves of fluid in the cochlea
  • associated with defects of the external ear or middle ear
A

conduction deafness

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43
Q
  • a hearing impairment most often caused by the permanent damage or destruction of hair cells or by interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries auditory information to the brain
A

sensorineural deafness

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44
Q
  • a sensation of noises or ringing in ears not caused by external sound
A

tinnitus

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45
Q
  • a hearing impairment in which the auditory areas of the brain fail to process and interpret action potentials from sound stimulus in meaningful ways
  • usually as a consequence of damage in auditory brain areas
A

central deafness

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46
Q
  • a form of central deafness that is characterized by the specific inability to hear words although other sounds can be detected
A

word deafness

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47
Q
  • a form of central deafness, caused by damage to both sides of the auditory cortex
  • characterized by difficulty in recognizing all complex sounds, weather verbal or nonverbal
A

cortical deafness

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48
Q
  • an electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes
A

cochlear implants

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49
Q
  • the sensory system that detects balance
  • consists of several call inner-ear structures that adjoin the cochlea
A

vestibular system

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50
Q
  • any one of the three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that are part of the vestibular system
  • each of the tubes, which are at right angles to each other, detects angular acceleration in a particular direction
A

semicircular canal

51
Q
  • an enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells of the vestibular system
A

ampulla

52
Q
  • brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve)
A

vestibular nuclei

53
Q
  • the experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as may occur in a car or boat
A

motion sickness

54
Q
  • the sense of taste combined with the sense of smell
A

flavor

55
Q
  • any of the five basic sensations detected by the tongue
  • sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
A

taste

56
Q
  • a cluster of 50-150 cells that detects tastes
  • found in papillae
A

taste buds

57
Q
  • a small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue
  • contain most of the taste receptor cells
  • circumvallate, foliate, fungiform
A

papilla

58
Q
  • family of taste receptor proteins that, when particular members bind together, form taste receptors for sweet flavors and umami flavors
A

T1R

59
Q
  • family of bitter taste receptors
A

T2R

60
Q
  • one of the five basic tastes, the meatly, savory flavor
A

umami

61
Q
  • sensory system that detects taste
A

gustatory system

62
Q
  • the sensation of smell
A

odor

63
Q
  • the sensory system that detects smell; the act of smelling
A

olfaction

64
Q
  • a sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions
A

olfactory epithelium

65
Q
  • an anterior projection of the brain that terminated in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell
A

olfactory bulb

66
Q
  • a complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells
A

glomerulus

67
Q
  • a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species
A

pheromone

68
Q
  • a specialized sensory system that detects pheromones and transmits information to the brain
A

vomeronasal system

69
Q
  • a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detects pheromones and sens electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain
A

vomeronasal organ (VNO)

70
Q
  • any one of a family of probable pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium
A

trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR)

71
Q
  • the receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons
A

retina

72
Q
  • the conversion of one form of energy to another
  • as converting light into neuronal activity
A

transduction

73
Q
  • the transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed
  • bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina
A

cornea

74
Q
  • the bending of light rays by a change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes
A

refraction

75
Q
  • a structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina
A

lens

76
Q
  • one of the muscles that control the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina
A

ciliary muscle

77
Q
  • the process by which the ciliary muscles adjust the lens to bring nearby objects into focus
A

accommodation

78
Q
  • nearsightedness
  • the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away
A

myopia

79
Q
  • one of the muscles attached to the eyeball that controls its position and movements
A

extraocular muscle

80
Q
  • neural cell in the retina that responds to light
A

photoreceptor

81
Q
  • a photoreceptor cell in the retina that is most active at low levels of light
A

rod

82
Q
  • any of several classes of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision
A

cone

83
Q
  • an interneuron in the retina that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells
A

bipolar cell

84
Q
  • any of a class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve
A

ganglion cell

85
Q
  • cranial nerve II; the collection of ganglion cell axons that extends from the retina to the brain
A

optic nerve

86
Q
  • a specialized retinal cell that contacts both photoreceptors and bipolar cells
A

horizontal cell

87
Q
  • a specialized retinal cell that contact both bipolar an ganglion cells and is especially significant to inhibitory interactions within the retina
A

amacrine cell

88
Q
  • a system in the retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods
A

scotopic system

89
Q
  • the phenomenon of neural connections in which many cells send signals to a single cell
A

convergence

90
Q
  • a system in the retina that operates at high levels of light
  • shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones
A

photopic system

91
Q
  • the photo pigment in rods that responds to light
A

rhodopsin

92
Q
  • the opening, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye
A

pupil

93
Q
  • the circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil
A

iris

94
Q
  • the means by which sensory systems cover a wide range of intensity values
  • each sensory receptor cell specializes in just one part of the overall range of intensities
A

range fractionation

95
Q
  • the tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match current levels of illumination
A

photoreceptor adaptation

96
Q
  • sharpness of vision
A

visual acuity

97
Q
  • the central portion of the retina, which is packed with the highest density of photoreceptors and is the center of our gaze
A

fovea

98
Q
  • the region of the retina that is devoid of photoreceptors because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there
A

optic disc

99
Q
  • the portion of the visual field from which light falls on the optic disc
A

blind spot

100
Q
  • the cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain, corresponding to the visual area of the cortex
A

occipital cortex (uiusal cortex)

101
Q
  • the point at which parts of the two optic nerves cross the midline
A

optic chiasm

102
Q
  • the axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm
  • most of these axons terminate in the LNG
A

optic tract

103
Q
  • the part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas of the occipital cortex
A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LNG)

104
Q
  • axons from the LNG that terminated in the primary visual areas of the occipital cortex
A

optic radiation

105
Q
  • the region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives
A

primary visual cortex (VI)

106
Q
  • referring to two-eyed processes
A

binocular

107
Q
  • visual cortex outside the primary visual (striate) cortex
A

extratriate cortex

108
Q
  • the whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes
A

visual field

109
Q
  • a mapping that preserves the point-to-point correspondence between neighboring parts of space
A

topographic projections

110
Q
  • a region of blindness within the visual fields
  • caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain
A

scotoma

111
Q
  • the paradoxical phenomenon whereby, within the scotoma, a person cannot consciously perceive visual cues but may still be able to make some visual discrimination
A

blindsight

112
Q
  • the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system
A

receptive field

113
Q
  • a retinal bipolar cells that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field
A

on-center bipolar cell

114
Q
  • a retinal bipolar cells that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field
A

off-center bipolar cell

115
Q
  • a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented on the center, rather than the periphery, of the cell’s receptive field
A

on-center ganglion cell

116
Q
  • the length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound
A

wavelength

117
Q
  • one of three basic dimensions of light perception
  • varying from dark to light
A

brightness

118
Q
  • one of three basic dimensions of light perception
  • varying through the spectrum from violet to red
A

hue

119
Q
  • one of three basic dimensions of light perception
  • varying from rich to pale
A

saturation

120
Q
  • a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones
  • each excited by a different region is the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain
A

trichromatic hypothesis

121
Q
  • a hypothesis of color perception stating that different systems produce opposite responses to light of difference wavelengths
A

opponent-process hypothesis

122
Q
  • spatial disorientation in which the patient is unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance
A

optic ataxia

123
Q
  • reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments
A

amblyopia

Intro to Neuro (2 decks)

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