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Senses (Head & Neck) Flashcards

1
Q

Define organogenesis

A

Embryological development of organs

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2
Q

Name and describe the two components of the cranium.

A
  1. Neurocranium - the skull that acts as a protective box for the brain and the special senses. Also surrounds the middle and inner ear cavities and forms the roof of the orbit.
  2. Viscerocraium - the facial skeleton that consists of the upper and lower jaw to form the bony framework of the face. It also forms the floor of the orbit.
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3
Q

What joint links the viscerocraium and neurocranium?

A

The temporalmandibular joint (TMJ)

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4
Q

What suspends the hyoid bone from the styloid processes?

A

the stylohyoid ligaments

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5
Q

What vertebrae does the hyoid bone correspond with?

A

C3

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6
Q

Where on the mandible do the temporal muscles attach?

A

The coronoid process

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7
Q

When specific part of the mandible bone articulates with the temporal bone to form the TMJ?

A

The condylar process

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8
Q

What passes through the mandibular foramen?

A

CNV3 - divisions of the mandibular nerves and blood vessels.

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9
Q

Where do the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve pass through?

A

The mental foramen

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10
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located in the mandible?

A

The sublingual fossa

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11
Q

Where is the submandibular gland located in the mandible?

A

submandibular fossa

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12
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the TMJ and their attachment sites.

A
  1. Lateral ligament: a thickening of the joint capsule that runs from the articular tubule of the mandible neck.
  2. sphenomandibular ligament: spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingual of mandible
  3. Stylomandibular ligament: styloid process to the angle of the mandible
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13
Q

What specific area of the temporal bone is involved in the TMJ?

A

The mandibular fossa

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14
Q

What muscle controls protrusion of the TMJ?

A

the medial ptreygoid muscles

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15
Q

What are the 4 major muscles involved in mastication? and what is the main action of the all?

A
  1. Masseter
  2. Temporalis
  3. Medial pterygoid
  4. Lateral pterygoid
    work together to close the jaw for mastication
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16
Q

What nerve innervates the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal cranial nerve (CNV3)

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17
Q

Describe the attachments of the masseter muscle.

A

Both sections originate from the zygomatic arch and
sup - mandibular angle
deep - mandibular ramus

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18
Q

What 3 movements if the masseter muscle capable of?

A

Elevation. protraction and retraction

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19
Q

Describe the attachments of the temporals muscle

A

The temporals fossa (+fascia) and the coronoid process of the mandible

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20
Q

List the 3 movements possible of the temporals muscle/

A

elevation, retraction and side-to-side movements

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21
Q

Describe the attachments of the medial pterygoid muscles

A

pterygoid fossa and tuberosity of the sphenoid bone and inserts to the inner surface of the mandible

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22
Q

List the attachments of the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles

A

Inferior: pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone to the condylar process of the mandible
Lateral: sphenoid bone to the joint capsule of the TMJ

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23
Q

What are the 3 constriction muscles of the pharynx anterior attachment sites?

A

Superior: pterygoid plates
Middle: hyoid bone
Inferior: thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

What is the posterior attachment site for the pharynx constrictor muscles?

A

the fibrous raphe of the pharynx

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25
What innervates the pharynx constrictor muscles?
Visceral innervation via the vagus nerve (CNX)
26
Name the 4 stages of swallowing.
A/B: voluntary oral phase C: pharyngeal phase (Reflex) D: Oesophageal stage
27
What nerves control the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
Trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, motor neurones and the swallowing centre located in the medulla CN V, IX, X, XI
28
What 3 bones make up the skeletal framework of the nasal cavity?
The sphenoid, ethmoid and vomer bone.
29
What 3 bones make up the bony framework of the mouth?
Maxilla, mandible and palatine
30
Name the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses.
Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses
31
What conchae arise from the ethmoid bone?
the superior and middle conchae
32
What conchae aid olfaction?
superior conchae
33
What conchae aid respiration
Middle and inferior conchae
34
What are the nasal vestibules composed of?
fibrous cartilage
35
What feature makes the ethmoid bone so light in weight?
The presence of air-filled ethmoidal air cells
36
What are the 4 areas of the ethmoid bone?
1. crista galli 2. cribriform plate 3. ethmoidal labyrinths (2) 4. perpendicular plate
37
What separates the nose into two halves in the medial side of the nasal cavity?
The septal cartilage
38
What are the two types of mucosa in the nasal cavity?
Respiratory and olfactory mucosa
39
Define 'congestion'
Excessive mucous and membrane lining the nasal cavity become inflamed and have swollen blood vessels
40
Alongside air being circulated through the nasopharynx, what other 2 structures does air pass through?
The pharyngeal tonsils and pharyngotympanic tube
41
Where does the lacrimal duct drain to?
Inferior to the inferior conchae
42
What is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?
Internal carotid artery: anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery External carotid artery: maxillary artery + branches
43
What are areas called that are prone to nose bleeds?
Epistaxis (i.e. anastomoses)
44
What 3 vein drain the nasal cavity?
The nasal, maxillary and facial vein.
45
Where and via what structure does the nasal vein enter the nasal cavity?
Pierces the frontal bone via the foramen cecum
46
What is the path of venous drainage of the maxillary vein?
Drains to the pterygoid plexus then to the internal jugular vein
47
What type of olfactory cells have direct connections to the cortex?
Mirtal cells
48
What 5 bones make up the bony framework of the mouth?
Maxilla, hyoid, mandible, palatine and temporal bones
49
What muscle forms the cheeks?
The buccinator muscle
50
What nerve innervates all 3 salivary glands?
The lingual nerve (branch of CNV3)
51
What 3 major muscles make up the floor of the mouth?
Mylohyoid, genioglossus and hypoglossus muscles
52
What innervates the mylohyoid muscle?
the mylohyoid nerve (branch of the inferior alvelolar nerve CNV3)
53
What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical and transverse
54
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, hyloglossus, palatoglossus and styloglossus
55
What is the only extrinsic tongue muscle that is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) and what is is innervated by?
The palatoglossus that is innervated by the vagus nerve (CNX)
56
What is general sense in the tongue controlled by?
The trigeminal nerve (CNV)
57
What is taste (special sense) controlled by in the tongue?
Facial nerve (CNVII)
58
How does innervation of the tongue differ in different areas of it?
Anterior 2/3: general sense = lingual nerve special sense = facial nerve Posterior 1/3: both innervation by glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
59
What are the 3 types of pain?
1. normal 'nociceptive' pain 2. inflammatory pain 3. neuropathic pain
60
Define "hyperalgesia"
When a painful stimuli hurts more than usual which occurs in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain
61
define "allodynia"
when non-painful stimuli hurt
62
What is the main spinal pathway that transmits painful stimuli
Spinothalamic tract
63
Where do the primary afferents synapse in the spinal cord in the spinothalamic tract?
The grey dorsal horn
64
What order neurone decussate in the spinothalamic tract?
Second order neurones
65
what type of nociceptors fail to develop in congenital insensitivity to pain?
C fibres
66
What type of axons does tract-tracing method allow research of?
local circuit (short) neurones; not suitable for projection neurone due to the long-distance they travel
67
Describe the two types of axoplasmic transport.
Dynein - towards soma | Kinesin - away from soma
68
What direction is anterograde tracing?
from axon terminals to cell bodies
69
What direction in retrograde tracing?
from cell bodies to axon terminals
70
What portion of receptors present in muscles are sensory?
2/3
71
What are the 3 main types of sensory ending found in muscle?
Large afferents: muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs | Fine afferents
72
What type of receptor are muscle spindles?
Mechanoreceptors
73
Where are golgi tendon organs found in a muscle?
Inserted into CT fascicles in a tendon
74
Define 'proprioception'.
The 6th sense that allows us to sense and know where our limbs are in space even when we can't see them
75
Define 'kinaesthesia'
The sense of practicing a specific movement and producing muscle memory
76
Describe corollary discharges in relation to proprioception
Internal signals from motor centres in the brain to sensory centres (i.e. feed forward) in the brain. This pathway determines muscle heaviness
77
What are the 4 types of receptors that are essential for proprioception?
Joint, cutaneous, golgi tendon and muscle spindle receptors

Anatomy 3B (2 decks)

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