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Anatomy 3B > Senses (Head & Neck) > Flashcards

Senses (Head & Neck) Flashcards

1
Q

Define organogenesis

A

Embryological development of organs

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2
Q

Name and describe the two components of the cranium.

A
  1. Neurocranium - the skull that acts as a protective box for the brain and the special senses. Also surrounds the middle and inner ear cavities and forms the roof of the orbit.
  2. Viscerocraium - the facial skeleton that consists of the upper and lower jaw to form the bony framework of the face. It also forms the floor of the orbit.
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3
Q

What joint links the viscerocraium and neurocranium?

A

The temporalmandibular joint (TMJ)

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4
Q

What suspends the hyoid bone from the styloid processes?

A

the stylohyoid ligaments

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5
Q

What vertebrae does the hyoid bone correspond with?

A

C3

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6
Q

Where on the mandible do the temporal muscles attach?

A

The coronoid process

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7
Q

When specific part of the mandible bone articulates with the temporal bone to form the TMJ?

A

The condylar process

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8
Q

What passes through the mandibular foramen?

A

CNV3 - divisions of the mandibular nerves and blood vessels.

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9
Q

Where do the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve pass through?

A

The mental foramen

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10
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located in the mandible?

A

The sublingual fossa

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11
Q

Where is the submandibular gland located in the mandible?

A

submandibular fossa

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12
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the TMJ and their attachment sites.

A
  1. Lateral ligament: a thickening of the joint capsule that runs from the articular tubule of the mandible neck.
  2. sphenomandibular ligament: spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingual of mandible
  3. Stylomandibular ligament: styloid process to the angle of the mandible
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13
Q

What specific area of the temporal bone is involved in the TMJ?

A

The mandibular fossa

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14
Q

What muscle controls protrusion of the TMJ?

A

the medial ptreygoid muscles

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15
Q

What are the 4 major muscles involved in mastication? and what is the main action of the all?

A
  1. Masseter
  2. Temporalis
  3. Medial pterygoid
  4. Lateral pterygoid
    work together to close the jaw for mastication
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16
Q

What nerve innervates the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal cranial nerve (CNV3)

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17
Q

Describe the attachments of the masseter muscle.

A

Both sections originate from the zygomatic arch and
sup - mandibular angle
deep - mandibular ramus

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18
Q

What 3 movements if the masseter muscle capable of?

A

Elevation. protraction and retraction

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19
Q

Describe the attachments of the temporals muscle

A

The temporals fossa (+fascia) and the coronoid process of the mandible

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20
Q

List the 3 movements possible of the temporals muscle/

A

elevation, retraction and side-to-side movements

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21
Q

Describe the attachments of the medial pterygoid muscles

A

pterygoid fossa and tuberosity of the sphenoid bone and inserts to the inner surface of the mandible

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22
Q

List the attachments of the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles

A

Inferior: pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone to the condylar process of the mandible
Lateral: sphenoid bone to the joint capsule of the TMJ

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23
Q

What are the 3 constriction muscles of the pharynx anterior attachment sites?

A

Superior: pterygoid plates
Middle: hyoid bone
Inferior: thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

What is the posterior attachment site for the pharynx constrictor muscles?

A

the fibrous raphe of the pharynx

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25
Q

What innervates the pharynx constrictor muscles?

A

Visceral innervation via the vagus nerve (CNX)

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26
Q

Name the 4 stages of swallowing.

A

A/B: voluntary oral phase
C: pharyngeal phase (Reflex)
D: Oesophageal stage

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27
Q

What nerves control the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, motor neurones and the swallowing centre located in the medulla
CN V, IX, X, XI

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28
Q

What 3 bones make up the skeletal framework of the nasal cavity?

A

The sphenoid, ethmoid and vomer bone.

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29
Q

What 3 bones make up the bony framework of the mouth?

A

Maxilla, mandible and palatine

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30
Q

Name the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses.

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses

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31
Q

What conchae arise from the ethmoid bone?

A

the superior and middle conchae

32
Q

What conchae aid olfaction?

A

superior conchae

33
Q

What conchae aid respiration

A

Middle and inferior conchae

34
Q

What are the nasal vestibules composed of?

A

fibrous cartilage

35
Q

What feature makes the ethmoid bone so light in weight?

A

The presence of air-filled ethmoidal air cells

36
Q

What are the 4 areas of the ethmoid bone?

A
  1. crista galli
  2. cribriform plate
  3. ethmoidal labyrinths (2)
  4. perpendicular plate
37
Q

What separates the nose into two halves in the medial side of the nasal cavity?

A

The septal cartilage

38
Q

What are the two types of mucosa in the nasal cavity?

A

Respiratory and olfactory mucosa

39
Q

Define ‘congestion’

A

Excessive mucous and membrane lining the nasal cavity become inflamed and have swollen blood vessels

40
Q

Alongside air being circulated through the nasopharynx, what other 2 structures does air pass through?

A

The pharyngeal tonsils and pharyngotympanic tube

41
Q

Where does the lacrimal duct drain to?

A

Inferior to the inferior conchae

42
Q

What is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?

A

Internal carotid artery: anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery
External carotid artery: maxillary artery + branches

43
Q

What are areas called that are prone to nose bleeds?

A

Epistaxis (i.e. anastomoses)

44
Q

What 3 vein drain the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal, maxillary and facial vein.

45
Q

Where and via what structure does the nasal vein enter the nasal cavity?

A

Pierces the frontal bone via the foramen cecum

46
Q

What is the path of venous drainage of the maxillary vein?

A

Drains to the pterygoid plexus then to the internal jugular vein

47
Q

What type of olfactory cells have direct connections to the cortex?

A

Mirtal cells

48
Q

What 5 bones make up the bony framework of the mouth?

A

Maxilla, hyoid, mandible, palatine and temporal bones

49
Q

What muscle forms the cheeks?

A

The buccinator muscle

50
Q

What nerve innervates all 3 salivary glands?

A

The lingual nerve (branch of CNV3)

51
Q

What 3 major muscles make up the floor of the mouth?

A

Mylohyoid, genioglossus and hypoglossus muscles

52
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid muscle?

A

the mylohyoid nerve (branch of the inferior alvelolar nerve CNV3)

53
Q

What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical and transverse

54
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus, hyloglossus, palatoglossus and styloglossus

55
Q

What is the only extrinsic tongue muscle that is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) and what is is innervated by?

A

The palatoglossus that is innervated by the vagus nerve (CNX)

56
Q

What is general sense in the tongue controlled by?

A

The trigeminal nerve (CNV)

57
Q

What is taste (special sense) controlled by in the tongue?

A

Facial nerve (CNVII)

58
Q

How does innervation of the tongue differ in different areas of it?

A

Anterior 2/3: general sense = lingual nerve
special sense = facial nerve
Posterior 1/3: both innervation by glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

59
Q

What are the 3 types of pain?

A
  1. normal ‘nociceptive’ pain
  2. inflammatory pain
  3. neuropathic pain
60
Q

Define “hyperalgesia”

A

When a painful stimuli hurts more than usual which occurs in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain

61
Q

define “allodynia”

A

when non-painful stimuli hurt

62
Q

What is the main spinal pathway that transmits painful stimuli

A

Spinothalamic tract

63
Q

Where do the primary afferents synapse in the spinal cord in the spinothalamic tract?

A

The grey dorsal horn

64
Q

What order neurone decussate in the spinothalamic tract?

A

Second order neurones

65
Q

what type of nociceptors fail to develop in congenital insensitivity to pain?

A

C fibres

66
Q

What type of axons does tract-tracing method allow research of?

A

local circuit (short) neurones; not suitable for projection neurone due to the long-distance they travel

67
Q

Describe the two types of axoplasmic transport.

A

Dynein - towards soma

Kinesin - away from soma

68
Q

What direction is anterograde tracing?

A

from axon terminals to cell bodies

69
Q

What direction in retrograde tracing?

A

from cell bodies to axon terminals

70
Q

What portion of receptors present in muscles are sensory?

A

2/3

71
Q

What are the 3 main types of sensory ending found in muscle?

A

Large afferents: muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs

Fine afferents

72
Q

What type of receptor are muscle spindles?

A

Mechanoreceptors

73
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs found in a muscle?

A

Inserted into CT fascicles in a tendon

74
Q

Define ‘proprioception’.

A

The 6th sense that allows us to sense and know where our limbs are in space even when we can’t see them

75
Q

Define ‘kinaesthesia’

A

The sense of practicing a specific movement and producing muscle memory

76
Q

Describe corollary discharges in relation to proprioception

A

Internal signals from motor centres in the brain to sensory centres (i.e. feed forward) in the brain. This pathway determines muscle heaviness

77
Q

What are the 4 types of receptors that are essential for proprioception?

A

Joint, cutaneous, golgi tendon and muscle spindle receptors

Anatomy 3B (2 decks)

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