Gastrointestinal Flashcards
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
How many minor salivary glands are present in the mouth? (range) and where are they located?
600-1000; in the mucosal lining of the oral cavity especially in the lips, cheeks and palate
Describe the composition of saliva.
99.4% water and 0.6% of mucins, electrolytes, enzymes and antibodies.
How much saliva do humans produce daily?
1.0-1.5L per day
How does the contribution of salivary glands change when compared to at rest and stimulated (i.e. hunger)?
At rest the submandibular gland produces the most saliva with 65% and the parotid increases from 20% at rest to 50% when stimulated
Name the classifications of the 4 (+accessory gland) salivary glands.
Parotid: serous + amylase
Submandibular: seromucous + mixed secretions
Sublingual: mucous + lubricant
Minor: mucous +lubricant
What forms a mucocoele?
A blocked salivary duct
What colours appear when using H&E to stain salivary glands
Serous cells = dark
Mucous cells = light
What muscle does the parotid duct pierce to enter the mouth?
The buccinator muscle
What vessels and/or nerves run through the parotid gland?
The facial nerve, external carotid artery and retromandibular vein.
Describe ‘Frey’s Syndrome’.
A common occurrence following a parotidectomy; the auriculotemporal nerve can become damaged and result in a mixing of sensory and parasympathetic fibres that supply the overlying skin and sweat glands. This results in a salivary stimulus resulting in gustatory sweating. Treatment includes botulinum toxin.
What are the 4 main muscles that compose the anterolateral abdominal wall?
The external and internal oblique, the transverse abdominis and the rectus abdominis muscles
name the attachment sites of the external oblique muscle of the abdominal wall.
Rib 5-12 TO the ASIS, linea alba and pubic tubercle
name the attachment sites of the internal oblique muscle.
thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest TO ribs 10-12, linea alba and pubic crest
What innervates all the anterolateral abdominal muscles?
The anterior rami of the lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T7-T12) and L1.
What type of membrane makes up the 2 layers of the peritoneum?
Serous membrane made from mesothelium
What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?
Visceral: lines the internal organs
Parietal: lines the body wall
List the intraperitoneal organs.
Stomach, spleen, liver, transverse and sigmoid colon
List the retroperitoneal organs
pancreas, cecum, ascending and descending colon and the kidneys
List the infra peritoneal organs
bladder and rectum
What is the embryological derivative of the peritoneum?
The lateral plate mesoderm
What suspends the gut tube in the abdominal cavity?
Mesentery
What is the average weight of the liver?
1.5kg
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
Caudate, Quadrate, right and left
