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Anatomy 3B > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

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2
Q

How many minor salivary glands are present in the mouth? (range) and where are they located?

A

600-1000; in the mucosal lining of the oral cavity especially in the lips, cheeks and palate

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3
Q

Describe the composition of saliva.

A

99.4% water and 0.6% of mucins, electrolytes, enzymes and antibodies.

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4
Q

How much saliva do humans produce daily?

A

1.0-1.5L per day

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5
Q

How does the contribution of salivary glands change when compared to at rest and stimulated (i.e. hunger)?

A

At rest the submandibular gland produces the most saliva with 65% and the parotid increases from 20% at rest to 50% when stimulated

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6
Q

Name the classifications of the 4 (+accessory gland) salivary glands.

A

Parotid: serous + amylase
Submandibular: seromucous + mixed secretions
Sublingual: mucous + lubricant
Minor: mucous +lubricant

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7
Q

What forms a mucocoele?

A

A blocked salivary duct

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8
Q

What colours appear when using H&E to stain salivary glands

A

Serous cells = dark

Mucous cells = light

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9
Q

What muscle does the parotid duct pierce to enter the mouth?

A

The buccinator muscle

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10
Q

What vessels and/or nerves run through the parotid gland?

A

The facial nerve, external carotid artery and retromandibular vein.

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11
Q

Describe ‘Frey’s Syndrome’.

A

A common occurrence following a parotidectomy; the auriculotemporal nerve can become damaged and result in a mixing of sensory and parasympathetic fibres that supply the overlying skin and sweat glands. This results in a salivary stimulus resulting in gustatory sweating. Treatment includes botulinum toxin.

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12
Q

What are the 4 main muscles that compose the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

The external and internal oblique, the transverse abdominis and the rectus abdominis muscles

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13
Q

name the attachment sites of the external oblique muscle of the abdominal wall.

A

Rib 5-12 TO the ASIS, linea alba and pubic tubercle

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14
Q

name the attachment sites of the internal oblique muscle.

A

thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest TO ribs 10-12, linea alba and pubic crest

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15
Q

What innervates all the anterolateral abdominal muscles?

A

The anterior rami of the lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T7-T12) and L1.

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16
Q

What type of membrane makes up the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane made from mesothelium

17
Q

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral: lines the internal organs
Parietal: lines the body wall

18
Q

List the intraperitoneal organs.

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, transverse and sigmoid colon

19
Q

List the retroperitoneal organs

A

pancreas, cecum, ascending and descending colon and the kidneys

20
Q

List the infra peritoneal organs

A

bladder and rectum

21
Q

What is the embryological derivative of the peritoneum?

A

The lateral plate mesoderm

22
Q

What suspends the gut tube in the abdominal cavity?

A

Mesentery

23
Q

What is the average weight of the liver?

A

1.5kg

24
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Caudate, Quadrate, right and left

25
Q

What is present between the diaphragm and liver?

A

The subphrenic recess

26
Q

What space is present between the liver and the organs situated posterior to it?

A

The hepatorenal recess

27
Q

Define ‘couinaud classification’

A

The liver can be divided into 8 functionally independent segment, each with its own vasculature, biliary drainage, branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

28
Q

What are the two supplies of blood to the liver?

A

The hepatic artery and the portal vein

29
Q

What are the liver’s specialised capillaries called? And what type of epithelium are they composed of?

A

Sinusoids; made up of fenestrated epithelium + does not have a BM

30
Q

What are ‘Kupffer cells’?

A

Specialised hepatic macrophages

31
Q

What type of CT is present in the liver?

A

Loose CT - Space of Disse

32
Q

What are the function of stellate cells in the liver?

A

These are the non-parenchymal cells of the liver that functions include the storage of retinoids and growth factors for hepatocytes

33
Q

What condition involves abnormal production of collagen in the liver?

A

Fibrosis

Anatomy 3B (2 decks)

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