Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Happlec midterms > SENSES ADV > Flashcards

SENSES ADV Flashcards

1
Q

ability to perceive stimuli

A

Sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

conscious awareness of stimuli received by
sensory neurons

A

Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by
    developing action potentials
A

Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of Senses

A

General Senses:
a. Somatic
b. Visceral

Special Senses:
smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

________:
receptors over large part of body that sense touch,
pressure, pain, temperature, and itch

_________ provide information about body and
environment
_________ provide information about
internal organs

_________:
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance

A

General senses

somatic

visceral

Special sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of Receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors:
    * detect movement
    * Example, touch, pressure, vibration
  2. Chemoreceptors:
    * detect chemicals
    * Example, Odors
  3. Photoreceptors:
    * detect light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • detect movement
  • Example, touch, pressure, vibration
A
  1. Mechanoreceptors:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • detect chemicals
  • Example, Odors
A
  1. Chemoreceptors:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • detect light
A
  1. Photoreceptors:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TYPES OF TOUCH RECEPTORS

A

Merkel’s disk:
* detect light touch and pressure
Hair follicle receptors:
* detect light touch
Meissner corpuscle:
* deep in epidermis
* localizing tactile sensations
Ruffini corpuscle:
* deep tactile receptors
* detects continuous pressure in skin
Pacinian corpuscle:
* deepest receptors
* associated with tendons and joints
* detect deep pressure, vibration, position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • detect light touch and pressure
A

Merkel’s disk:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • detect light touch
A

Hair follicle receptors:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • deep in epidermis
  • localizing tactile sensations
A

Meissner corpuscle:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • deep tactile receptors
  • detects continuous pressure in skin
A

Ruffini corpuscle:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • deepest receptors
  • associated with tendons and joints
  • detect deep pressure, vibration, position
A

Pacinian corpuscle:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_______ is an unpleasant perceptual and emotional
experience

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of Pain

A

Localized:
* sharp, pricking, cutting pain
* rapid action potential

Diffuse:
* burning, aching pain
* slower action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • sharp, pricking, cutting pain
  • rapid action potential
A

Localized:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • burning, aching pain
  • slower action potentials
A

Diffuse:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types Of Pain Control

A

Local anesthesia:
* action potentials suppressed from pain
* receptors in local areas
* chemicals are injected near sensory nerve

General anesthesia:
* loss of consciousness
* chemicals affect reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • action potentials suppressed from pain
  • receptors in local areas
  • chemicals are injected near sensory nerve
A

Local anesthesia:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • loss of consciousness
  • chemicals affect reticular formation
A

General anesthesia:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • originates in a region that is not source of pain
    stimulus
  • felt when internal organs are damaged or
    inflamed
  • sensory neurons from superficial area and
    neurons of source pain converge onto same
    ascending neurons of spinal cord
A

Referred Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

______ is the:
* sense of smell
* occurs in response to odorants
* receptors are located in ________and _______
* we can detected _______ different smells

A

Olfaction

nasal cavity, hard
palate

10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Olfaction Process

A
  1. Nasal cavity contains a thin film of mucous
    where odors become dissolved.
  2. Olfactory neurons are located in mucous.
    Dendrites of olfactory neurons are enlarged and
    contain cilia.
  3. Dendrites pick up odor, depolarize, and carry odor
    to axons in olfactory bulb (cranial nerve I).
  4. Frontal and temporal lobes process odor.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_______:
* sensory structures that detect taste
* located on papillae on tongue, hard palate,
throat
o Inside each taste bud are 40 taste cells
o Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into
taste pores

A

Taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Location of Taste Buds

A

papillae on tongue, hard palate,
throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many cells are inside each taste bud

A

40 taste cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T or F
Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into
taste pores

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Types of Taste

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Salty
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T or F
Taste is not linked to smell

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

TASTE PROCESS

A
  1. Taste buds pick up taste and send it to taste
    cells.
  2. Taste cells send taste to taste hairs.
  3. Taste hairs contain receptors that initiate an
    action potential which is carried to parietal lobe.
  4. Brain processes taste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Vision
Accessory Structures
_________:
* protects from sweat
* shade from sun
_________:
* protects from foreign objects
* lubricates by blinking

A

Eyebrow
Eyelid/Eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

THE EYE AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES

A

Conjunctiva:
* thin membrane that covers inner surface of
eyelid
Lacrimal apparatus:
* produces tears
Extrinsic eye muscles:
* help move eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • thin membrane that covers inner surface of
    eyelid
A

Conjunctiva:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • produces tears
A

Lacrimal apparatus:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • help move eyeball
A

Extrinsic eye muscles:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

ANATOMY OF EYE

A

o Hollow, fluid filled sphere
o Composed of 3 layers (tunics)
o Divided into chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

3 types of Tunics

A
  1. Fibrous Tunic
  2. Vascular Tunic
  3. Nervous Tunic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

________
- outermost tunic
 SCLERA:
 CORNEA:

A

FIBROUS TUNIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

o firm, white outer part
o helps maintain eye shape,
provides attachment sites,
protects internal structures

A

SCLERA:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

o transparent structure that covers iris
and pupil
o allows light to enter and focuses
light

A

CORNEA:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

___________
- Middle tunic
- Contains blood supply
 Choroid:

 Ciliary body:

Suspensory ligaments:

 Lens:

 Iris:

 Pupil:

A

VASCULAR TUNIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
  • black part (melanin)
  • delivers O2 and nutrients to retina
A

 Choroid:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q
  • helps hold lens in place
A

 Ciliary body:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q
  • help hold lens in place
A

Suspensory ligaments:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q
  • flexible disk
  • focuses light onto retina
A

 Lens:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q
  • colored part
  • surrounds and regulates pupil
A

 Iris:

49
Q
  • regulates amount of light entering
  • lots of light = constricted
  • little light = dilated
A

 Pupil:

50
Q

__________
- inner most tunic
 Retina:

 Pigmented retina:

 Sensory retina:

 Rods:

 Cones:

A

NERVOUS TUNIC

51
Q
  • covers posterior 5/6 of eye
  • contains 2 layers
A

 Retina:

52
Q
  • outer layer
  • keeps light from reflecting back in eye
A

 Pigmented retina:

53
Q
  • contains photoreceptors (rods
    and cones)
  • contains interneurons
A

 Sensory retina:

54
Q
  • photoreceptor sensitive to light
  • 20 times more rods than cones
  • can function in dim light
A

 Rods:

55
Q
  • photoreceptor provide color vision
  • 3 types blue, green, red
A

 Cones:

56
Q

PIGMENTS AND PIGMENT PROTEIN

A
  1. Rhodopsin:
    * photosensitive pigment in rod cells
  2. Opsin:
    * colorless protein in rhodopsin
  3. Retinal:
    * yellow pigment in rhodopsin
    * requires vitamin A
57
Q
  • photosensitive pigment in rod cells
A

Rhodopsin:

58
Q
  • colorless protein in rhodopsin
A

Opsin:

59
Q
  • yellow pigment in rhodopsin
  • requires vitamin A
A

Retinal:

60
Q

EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON RHODOPSIN

A
  1. Light strikes rod cell
  2. Retinal changes shape
  3. Opsin changes shape
  4. Retinal dissociates from opsin
  5. Change rhodopsin shape stimulates response in rod
    cell which results in vision
  6. Retinal detaches from opsin
  7. ATP required to reattach retinal to opsin and
    return rhodopsin to original shape
61
Q

The Retina

A

o RODS AND CONES
- synapse with bipolar cells of sensory
retina
o HORIZONTAL CELLS OF RETINA
- modify output of rods and cones
o BIPOLAR AND HORIZONTAL CELLS
- synapse with ganglion cells
o GANGLION CELLS AXONS’
- converge to form optic nerve

  1. Macula:
    * small spot near center of retina
  2. Fovea centralis:
    * center of macula
    * where light is focused when looking directly at an
    object
    * only cones
    * ability to discriminate fine images
62
Q
  • synapse with bipolar cells of sensory
    retina
A

RODS AND CONES

63
Q
  • modify output of rods and cones
A

HORIZONTAL CELLS OF RETINA

64
Q
  • synapse with ganglion cells
A

BIPOLAR AND HORIZONTAL CELLS

65
Q
  • converge to form optic nerve
A

GANGLION CELLS AXONS’

66
Q
  • small spot near center of retina
A

Macula:

67
Q
  • center of macula
  • where light is focused when looking directly at an
    object
  • only cones
  • ability to discriminate fine images
A

Fovea centralis:

68
Q

CHAMBERS OF THE EYE

A
  1. Anterior chamber:
  2. Posterior chamber:
  3. Vitreous chamber:
69
Q
  • located between cornea and lens
  • filled with aqueous humor (watery)
  • aqueous humor helps maintain pressure, refracts
    light, and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye
A

Anterior chamber:

70
Q
  • located behind anterior chamber
  • contains aqueous humor
A

Posterior chamber:

71
Q
  • located in retina region
  • filled with vitreous humor: jelly-like
    substance
  • vitreous humor helps maintain pressure, holds
    lens and retina in place, refracts light
A

Vitreous chamber:

72
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE EYE

A

o The eye functions much like a camera.

o The IRIS allows light into the eye, which is focused by
the CORNEA, LENS, and humors onto the retina.

o The light striking the retina produces action
potentials that are relayed to the brain.

o LIGHT REFRACTION and image focusing are two
important processes in establishing vision.

73
Q
  1. _________
    * Bending of light

Focal point:
* point where light rays converge
* occurs anterior to retina
* object is INVERTED

FOCUSING IMAGES ON RETINA
Accommodation:
* lens becomes less rounded and image can be
focused on retina
* enables eye to focus on images closer than 20 feet

A

Light Refraction

74
Q

NEURONAL PATHWAY FOR VISION

A
  1. Optic nerve:
    * leaves eye and exits orbit through optic
    foramen to enter cranial cavity
  2. Optic chiasm:
    * where 2 optic nerves connect
  3. Optic tracts:
    * route of ganglion axons
75
Q

NEURONAL PATHWAY FOR VISION

  • leaves eye and exits orbit through optic
    foramen to enter cranial cavity
A

Optic nerve:

76
Q

NEURONAL PATHWAY FOR VISION

  • where 2 optic nerves connect
A

Optic chiasm:

77
Q

NEURONAL PATHWAY FOR VISION

  • route of ganglion axons
A

Optic tracts:

78
Q

VISUAL DEFECTS

Myopia:
* nearsightedness
* image is in front of retina
Hyperopia:
* farsightedness
* image is behind retina
Presbyopia:
* lens becomes less elastic
* reading glasses required
Astigmatism:
* irregular curvature of lens
* glasses or contacts required to correct
Color Blindness:
* absence or deficient cones
* primarily in males
Glaucoma:
* increased pressure in eye
* can lead to blindness

A
79
Q
  • nearsightedness
  • image is in front of retina
A

Myopia:

80
Q
  • farsightedness
  • image is behind retina
A

Hyperopia:

81
Q
  • lens becomes less elastic
  • reading glasses required
A

Presbyopia:

82
Q
  • irregular curvature of lens
  • glasses or contacts required to correct
A

Astigmatism:

83
Q
  • absence or deficient cones
  • primarily in males
A

Color Blindness:

84
Q
  • increased pressure in eye
  • can lead to blindness
A

Glaucoma:

85
Q

Each ear is divided into three areas:

A
  1. the external ear
  2. the middle ear
  3. the inner ea
86
Q
  • Extends from outside of head to eardrum
    Auricle:
  • fleshy part on outside
    External auditory meatus:
  • canal that leads to eardrum
    Tympanic membrane:
  • eardrum
  • thin membrane that separates external and
  • middle ear
A

External Ear

87
Q
  • fleshy part on outside
A

Auricle:

88
Q
  • canal that leads to eardrum
A

External auditory meatus:

89
Q
  • eardrum
  • thin membrane that separates external and
  • middle ear
A

Tympanic membrane:

90
Q
  • Air filled chamber with ossicles
    Malleus (hammer):
  • bone attached to tympanic membrane
    Incus (anvil):
  • bone that connects malleus to stapes
    Stapes (stirrup):
  • bone located at base of oval window
    Oval window:
  • separates middle and inner ear
    Eustachian or auditory tube:
  • opens into pharynx
  • equalizes air pressure between outside air and
    middle ear
A

Middle Ear

91
Q
  • bone attached to tympanic membrane
A

Malleus (hammer):

92
Q
  • bone that connects malleus to stapes
A

Incus (anvil):

93
Q
  • bone located at base of oval window
A

Stapes (stirrup):

94
Q
  • separates middle and inner ear
A

Oval window:

95
Q
  • opens into pharynx
  • equalizes air pressure between outside air and
    middle ear
A

Eustachian or auditory tube:

96
Q
  • Set of fluid filled chambers

Bony labyrinth:
Membranous labyrinth:
Endolymph:
Perilymph:
Cochlea:
Scala vestibuli:
Scala tympani:
Cochlea duct:
Spiral organ:
Tectorial membrane:
Hair cells:
Vestibular membrane:
Basilar membrane:

A

Inner Ear

97
Q
  • tunnels filled with fluid
  • 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
    canals
A

Bony labyrinth:

98
Q
  • inside bony labyrinth
  • filled with endolymph
A

Membranous labyrinth:

99
Q
  • clear fluid in membranous labyrinth
A

Endolymph:

100
Q
  • fluid between membranous and bony
    labyrinth
A

Perilymph:

101
Q
  • snail-shell shaped structure
  • where hearing takes place
A

Cochlea:

102
Q
  • in cochlea
  • filled with perilymph
A

Scala Vestibuli:
Scala Tympani:

103
Q
  • in cochlea
  • filled with endolymph
A

Cochlea Duct:

104
Q
  • in cochlear duct
  • contains hair cells
A

Spiral Organ:

105
Q
  • in cochlea
  • vibrates against hair cells
A

Tectorial Membrane:

106
Q

attached to sensory neurons that when bent produce an
action potential

A

Hair Cells:

107
Q
  • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala
    vestibuli
A

Vestibular Membrane:

108
Q
  • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala
    tympani
A

Basilar Membrane:

109
Q

Hearing Process

A
  1. Sound travels in waves through air and is
    funneled into ear by auricle.
  2. Auricle through external auditory meatus to
    tympanic membrane.
  3. Tympanic membrane vibrates and sound is
    amplified by malleus, incus, stapes which
    transmit sound to oval window.
  4. Oval window produces waves in perilymph of
    cochlea.
  5. Vibrations of perilymph cause vestibular
    membrane and endolymph to vibrate.
  6. Endolymph cause displacement of basilar
    membrane.
  7. Movement of basilar membrane is detected by
    hair hairs in spiral organ.
  8. Hair cells become bent and cause action
    potential is created.
110
Q

BALANCE

Static equilibrium:
* associated with vestibule
* evaluates position of head relative to gravity
Dynamic equilibrium:
* associated with semicircular canals
* evaluates changes in direction and rate of
head movement
Vestibule:
* inner ear
* contains utricle and saccule
Maculae:
* specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and
saccule surround by endolymph
* contain hair cells
Otoliths:
* gelatinous substance that moves in response to
gravity
* attached to hair cell microvilli which initiate action
potentials
Semicircular canals:
* dynamic equilibrium
* sense movement if any direction
Ampulla:
* base of semicircular canal
Crista ampullaris:
* in ampulla
Cupula:
* gelatinous mass
* contains microvilli
* float that is displaced by endolymph
movement

A
111
Q
  • associated with vestibule
  • evaluates position of head relative to gravity
A

Static equilibrium:

112
Q
  • associated with semicircular canals
  • evaluates changes in direction and rate of
    head movement
A

Dynamic equilibrium:

113
Q
  • inner ear
  • contains utricle and saccule
A

Vestibule:

114
Q
  • specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and
    saccule surround by endolymph
  • contain hair cells
A

Maculae:

115
Q
  • gelatinous substance that moves in response to
    gravity
  • attached to hair cell microvilli which initiate action
    potentials
A

Otoliths:

116
Q
  • dynamic equilibrium
  • sense movement if any direction
A

Semicircular canals:

117
Q
  • base of semicircular canal
A

Ampulla:

118
Q
  • in ampulla
A

Crista ampullaris:

119
Q
  • gelatinous mass
  • contains microvilli
  • float that is displaced by endolymph
    movement
A

Cupula:

Happlec midterms (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions