nerf

Question 1

Spinal Nerves
Arise along spinal cord from union of _____and______
Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons
Located between vertebra
Categorized by region of vertebral column from
which it emerges (C for cervical)
31 pairs
Organized in 3 plexuses

Answer 1

dorsal
roots and ventral roots

Question 2

_________
Spinal nerves C1-4
Innervates muscles attached
to hyoid bone and neck
Contains phrenic nerve
which innervates
diaphragm

Answer 2

Cervical Plexus

Question 3

___________
Originates from
spinal nerves C5-T1
Supply nerves to
upper limb, shoulder,
hand

Answer 3

Brachial Plexus

Question 4

_________
Originates from spinal
nerves L1 to S4
Supply
nerves lower limbs

Answer 4

Lumbosacral Plexus

Question 5

A _______ is the area of
skin supplied with sensory
innervation by a pair of
spinal nerves.
Each of the spinal
nerves except C1 has
a specific cutaneous
sensory distribution.

Answer 5

dermatome

Question 6

____________
Location:
* continuous with spinal cord
Function:
* regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping,
coughing, sneezing, balance
Other:
* pyramids: involved in conscious control of skeletal
muscle

Answer 6

Medulla oblongata

Question 7

_________
Location:
* above medulla, bridge between cerebrum and
cerebellum
Function:
* breathing, chewing, salivation, swallowing, relay
station between cerebrum and cerebellum

Answer 7

Pons

Question 8

________
Location:
* above pons
Function:
* coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter,
turning head toward noise
Other:
* the dorsal part has the four colliculi which are
involved in visual and auditory reflexes

Answer 8

Midbrain

Question 9

___________
Location:
* scattered throughout brainstem
Function:
* regulates cyclical motor function, respiration,
walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining
consciousness, regulates sleep-wake cycle

Answer 9

Reticular Formation

Question 10

_________
Location:
* attached to the brainstem by the cerebellar
peduncles
Characteristics:
* means little brain
* cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter
Functions:
* controls balance
* muscle tone
* coordination of fine motor

Answer 10

Cerebellum

Question 11

Located between the brainstem and cerebrum
Components:
* Thalamus
* Hypothalamus
* Epithalamus

Answer 11

Diencephalon

Question 12

Characteristics:
* largest portion of diencephalon
Function:
* influences moods and detects pain

Answer 12

Thalamus

Question 13

Location:
* below thalamus
Characteristics:
* controls pituitary gland and is connected to it by
infundibulum
Function:
* controls homeostasis, body temp, thirst, hunger,
fear, rage, sexual emotions

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

Location:
* above thalamus
Function:
* emotional and visceral response to odors

Answer 14

Epithalamus:

Question 15

Largest portion of
brain
Divisions:
* Right hemisphere
* Left hemisphere
separated by
longitudinal fissure
Lobes: frontal,
parietal,
occipital, temporal,
insula (fifth lobe)

Answer 15

cerebrum

Question 16

_________
Location:
* surface of cerebrum, composed of gray matter
Function:
* controls thinking, communicating,
* remembering, understanding, and initiates
* involuntary movements

Answer 16

Cerebral Cortex

Question 17

Cerebrum Surface Features
________:
* folds on cerebral cortex that increase surface area
________:
* shallow indentations
________:
* deep indentations

Answer 17

Gyri
Sulci
Fissure

Question 18

Cerebral Hemispheres
Left hemisphere:
* controls right side of body
* responsible for math, analytic, and speech
Right hemisphere:
* controls left side of body
* responsible for music, art, abstract ideas
____________:
* connection between the two hemispheres

Answer 18

Corpus callosum

Question 19

Frontal lobe
* Location: front
* Function: _______

Parietal lobe
* Location: top
* Function: ____

Occipital lobe
* Location: back
* Function: _____

Temporal lobe
* Location: sides
* Function: ______

Answer 19

controls voluntary motor functions,
aggression, moods, smell

evaluates sensory input such as touch,
pain, pressure, temperature, taste

vision

hearing, smell, memory

Question 20

________ are sensory tracts carrying
impulses up the spinal cord to specific areas of
the brain.

Answer 20

Ascending pathways

Question 21

Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex

Primary sensory areas:
* where ascending tracts project
* where sensations are perceived

Primary somatic sensory cortex:
* general sensory area
* in parietal lobe
* sensory input such as pain, pressure, temp.

Question 22

Somatic Motor Functions

Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal
muscles.
The somatic motor system is responsible for:
* maintaining the body’s posture and balance
* moving the trunk, head, limbs, tongue, and eyes
* communicating through facial expressions and
speech

Reflexes mediated through the spinal cord and
brainstem are responsible for some body
movements that are involuntary.
Voluntary movements are consciously activated to
achieve a specific goal, such as walking or typing.
Voluntary movements result from the stimulation
of neural circuits that consist of two motor
neurons: upper and lower motor neurons.

Question 23

Somatic Motor Functions

____________have cell bodies in the
cerebral cortex and project down the spinal cord
to synapse with lower motor neurons.

__________ have cell bodies in the
anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter or in
cranial nerve nuclei.
The axons of lower motor neurons leave the
central nervous system and extend through spinal
or cranial nerves to skeletal muscles.

Answer 23

Upper motor neurons

Lower motor neurons

Question 24

Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex
Primary motor cortex:
* frontal lobe
* control voluntary motor movement
Premotor area:
* frontal lobe
* where motor functions are organized before initiation
Prefrontal area:
* motivation and foresight to plan and initiate
movement

Question 25

Descending Tracts

Descending tracts are motor tracts carrying impulses
down the spinal cord, either terminating there or in
the brainstem.

The corticospinal tracts are considered direct because
they extend directly from upper motor neurons in the
cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the spinal
cord.

Some tracts are considered indirect because they
originate in the brainstem but are indirectly controlled
by the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and cerebellum.

Tracts in the lateral columns are most important in
controlling goal-directed limb movements, such as
reaching and manipulating.

Tracts in the ventral columns, such as the
reticulospinal tract, are most important for
maintaining posture, balance, and limb position
through their control of neck, trunk, and proximal
limb muscles.

Crossover of axons in the brainstem or spinal cord
to the opposite side of the body is typical of
descending pathways.
The left side of the brain controls skeletal muscles
on the right side of the body, and vice versa.

Question 26

Basal Nuclei

Group of functionally related nuclei
Plan, organize, coordinate motor movements
and posture

Corpus striatum:
* deep in cerebrum
Substantia nigra:
* in midbrain

Question 27

Speech
Mainly in left hemisphere

Sensory speech (Wernicke’s area):
* parietal lobe
* where words are heard and comprehended

Motor speech (Broca’s area):
* frontal lobe
* where words are formulated

Question 28

Brain Waves and Consciousness
Used to diagnose and determine treatment for
brain disorders
______________ (EEG):
electrodes plated on scalp to record brain’s
electrical activity

Answer 28

Electroencephalogram

Question 29

Brain Waves

Alpha waves:
* person is awake in quiet state
Beta waves:
* intense mental activity
Delta waves:
* deep sleep
Theta waves:
* in children

Question 30

Memory

_______:
* brief retention of sensory input received by
* brain while something is scanned, evaluated, and
acted up
* also called sensory memory
* in temporal lobe
* lasts less than a second
________:
* data that has been encoded
* temporal lobe
* short term memory
_________:
* long term memory
* few minutes or permanently (depends on retrieval)
_______:
* how often information is used

Answer 30

Encoding

Consolidated

Storage

Retrieval

Question 31

Types of Memory

_____________:
* info. is retained for a few seconds or min.
* bits of info. (usually 7)
_____________:
* can last for a few minutes or permanently
_____________:
* places or events
_____________:
* utilizing past memories

Answer 31

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Episodic memory

Learning

Question 32

Limbic System and Emotions

The olfactory cortex and certain deep cortical
regions and nuclei of the cerebrum and the
diencephalon are grouped together under the
title limbic system.

The limbic system influences long-term declarative
memory, emotions, visceral responses to
emotions, motivation, and mood.

Question 33

Meninges 1

The meninges are three connective tissue layers
that surround the brain and spinal cord.

The outermost (most superficial) meningeal layer
is the __________, which is the toughest of all the
meninges.

The second meningeal membrane is the very
thin, wispy ___________.

*The space between the dura mater and the
arachnoid mater is the subdural space

The third meningeal membrane, the ________, is
very tightly bound to the surface of the brain and
spinal cord.

Answer 33

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

Question 34

The CNS contains fluid-filled cavities, called
__________

Answer 34

ventricles

Question 35

Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing a
protective cushion around the CNS.
The ependymal cells located in the choroid
plexuses of the ventricles produce the CSF

Question 36

Cranial Nerves1
12 pair of cranial nerves
Named by roman numerals
2 categories of functions: sensory and motor

Question 37

Cranial Nerves

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) is a pure sensory nerve
for smell
Cranial Nerve II (Optic) is a pure sensory nerve for
vision
Cranial Nerve III (Occulomotor) is a pure motor
nerve for eye movement
Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) is a pure motor
nerve for eye movement
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) is both a motor and
sensory nerve. It is sensory for pain, touch, and
temperature for the eye and lower and upper
jaws. It is motor for muscles of chewing.
Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens) is a pure motor
nerve for eye movement
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) is both a sensory and
motor nerve. It is sensory for taste and motor for
facial expression.
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear) is a pure
sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium
Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal) is both a
motor and sensory nerve. It is sensory for taste
and motor for swallowing.
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus) is both a motor and
sensory nerve. It is sensory and motor for organs
in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory) is a pure motor
nerve for the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and
muscles of the larynx.
Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) is a pure motor
nerve for the tongue

Question 38

Autonomic Nervous System1

The autonomic neurons innervate smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Autonomic functions are largely controlled
unconsciously.

The autonomic nervous system is composed of the
sympathetic division and the parasympathetic
division.

Increased activity in sympathetic neurons
generally prepares the individual for physical
activity, whereas parasympathetic stimulation
generally activates involuntary functions, such as
digestion, that are normally associated with the
body at rest

In the autonomic nervous system, two neurons in
series extend from the CNS to the effector
organs.
The first neuron is called the preganglionic
neuron; the second neuron is the postganglionic
neuron.

Question 39

Sympathetic Division
The sympathetic division cell bodies of
sympathetic preganglionic neurons are in the
lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter
between the first thoracic (T1) and the second
lumbar (L2) segments.

Question 40

Parasympathetic Division
Some preganglionic cell bodies of the
parasympathetic division are located within the
lateral part of the central gray matter of the
spinal cord in the regions that give rise to spinal
nerves S2 through S4