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Nurse 524 Test 3 > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimuli?

A

A change which is detected by receptors?

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2
Q

Receptors can be classified based on type of stimuli they detect. What are the 3 types of receptors that detect change in the body?

A

Chemoreceptors- detect changes in solution
Mechanoreceptors - pressure touch stretch
Photoreceptors - detect light

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3
Q

What type of receptors detects pain?

A

Nocioceptors

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4
Q

Temperature is detected by?

A

Thermoreceptors

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5
Q

What are the three types of receptors based on their location?

A

Exteroceptors - detect changes in the external enviornment.
Interorecptors - inside the body. The stretch of hollow organs and pain, touch, smell and light.
Proprioceptors - detect the positioning of the body in space - located in muscles and joints and help maintain balance.

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6
Q

Sensory reception / transduction is the first level of neural integration, where you convert a stimulus into an action potential. What are the next two levels of neural integration?

A

Sensory transmission - action potential through sensory neurons to the brain.
Sensory perception - becoming aware that a change in the external or internal environment has occurred.

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7
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

Respond to environmental changes in stimuli.

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8
Q

Receptors can be classified on the complexity of their structure. What are the two different structure levels?

A

Complex - associated with special senses and localised collections of cells and tissues. Eg vision, hearing balance, olfaction and taste.
Simple - monitor general sensory information - most common type in the body and are modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons. Eg. touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, temperature and pain.

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9
Q

How does simple and complex senses differ?

A

Simple - provide general sensation and distributed throughout the body.
Complex - associaed with special senses and localised collections of cells and tissues.

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10
Q

True or False. Particles must be in a gaseous state (volatile) in order for them to be drawn up your nose as you breathe or sniff.

A

True - particles are drawn up into the nasal cavity, increasing your ability to smell it. These are chemical senses.

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11
Q

Odorant particles dissolve in the mucus lining in the nasal cavity. What do they bind that is extended from sensory neurons?

A

They bind with receptors on olfactory cilia that extend from sensory neurons.

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12
Q

How many different types of smell are estimated to be able to identify?

A

10000

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13
Q

where is the olfactory cortex located?

A

Temporal lobe.

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14
Q

Why might you experience a loss of taste when your nasal cavity is blocked with mucus when you have a bad cold?

A

Because 80% of your sense of taste is made up with your sense of smell.

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15
Q

Where are most of your tastebuds located?

A

on the sides of fungiform papillae.

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16
Q

What are the 5 basic taste sensations?

A

Sweet, salty, umanmi, sour and bitter.

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17
Q

True or false.

Taste or gustation is a pleasurable but also protective function.

A

True.

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18
Q

Can you see tastes buds on the tongue?

A

No, they are microscopic. Taste papillae are the visible bumps all over the upper surface of your tongue.

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19
Q

What does the skin of the external auditory canal produce and what is it main function?

A

Produces cerumen (wax) and it repels or traps foreign bodies.

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20
Q

True or false. The outer ear is made up of a pinna (auricle) which funnels sound to the tympanic membrane.

A

False. The outer ear funnels sound to the external auditory canal and this canal carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane.

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21
Q

The middle ear starts at the inner side of the tympanic membrane. This is in contact with the first of 3 bones or ossicles. What are they?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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22
Q

The middle ear connects to the outside via the pharyngotympanic tube. Where does this open up in to?

A

the Nasopharynx.

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23
Q

The inner ear consists of two sections. What are they?

A

Cochlea / Semicircular canals.

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24
Q

What is the name of the lymph that fills the bony labyrinth in the temporal bone?

A

perilymph.

25
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with that is inside the bony labyrinth?

A

Endolymph.

26
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Equalise the air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane.
It also drains secretions or debris from the middle ear into the pharynx.

27
Q

In order to be able to hear, the sound waves stimulate the hairs in what part of the ear?

A

The hairs on the cochlear hair cells.

28
Q

What is the sequence of sound and the ability to hear?

A
  1. Pressure waves are funneled into the external auditory canal - causing vibration on the tympanic membrane.
  2. This causes vibration of the ossicles in the middle ear and oval window.
  3. The vibration of the oval window creates waves in the perilymph fluid inside the cochlea
  4. These waves on the endolymph in the cochlear duct causes movement of the tectorial membrane.
  5. Which causes the movement of the hairs on hair cells embedded in the basilar membrane of the spiral organ.
29
Q

The fluid movements within the ear are changed (transduced) into electrical impulses. Where are they taken to and by what nerve?

A

Taken to the auditory cortex by the cochlear nerve.

30
Q

What is the collective name for the inner ear structures involved in your sense of balance?

A

It is the vestibular system. Like the cochlea, all parts of the vestibular system contain endolymph.

31
Q

What part of the semicircular canal detects the movement of your head?

A

Detected by cristae ampullaris.

32
Q

The movement of your head causes the endolymph inside the semicircular canals to move, what does this bend?

A

Bending the gel like cupla.

33
Q

When the cupla bends, the hair bundles bend. What does this cause?

A

Creates an action potential, which is sent through the vestibular nerve to the brain stem and cerebellum.

34
Q

What is the primary function of the eyebrow and eyelids?

A

Protect the eye by forming a physcial barrier and preventing foreign objects entering the eye. The eyelids also help spread the tears over the eye for lubrication.

35
Q

Eyebrows are part of the accessories of the eye. What are four others?

A

Eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus and extrinsic eye muscles.

36
Q

The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane. What does it protect in the eye?

A

sclera and inside of the eyelids.

37
Q

What are tears or lacrimal secretions produced by in the eye?

A

Lacrimal glands in each eye. They are continually secreted onto the conjunctiva through ducts and blinking moves them across the eyeball into the medial commissure.

38
Q

Where does a tear drain into and what process does it follow to the nasal cavity?

A

Drains in the lacrimal canalicul - through tiny holes call lacrimal puncta. They flow on into the lacrimal sac into the nasolacrimal duct and into the nasal cavity.

39
Q

There are three components of lacrimal secretions. One is mucus, what are the other two?

A

Antibodies - protect the eye from infection and allergens.
Lysosyme - protect the eye surface from bacterial infections.
Mucus - moistens and cleans.

40
Q

How many extrinsic eye muscles that assist to create movement in the eye?

A

6 extrinsic eye muscles - skeletal muscles because you have voluntary control and they attach to the bony orbit.

41
Q

The eye ball is formed by 3 layers. The most internal layer is retina, what is the middle and outer layer?

A

retina
choroid
sclera - tough outer white layer.

42
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

transparent window that allows light to enter the eye.

43
Q

The fibrous outer layer is avascular. The middle layer of the eyeball is vascular. What layer is this and what does vascular mean?

A

Middle layer is the choroid - ciliary body and iris and this layer provides nutrition to the eye ball as it is vascular.

44
Q

The ciliary body is a thickened ring of tissue that surrounds the lens. What two things does it consist?

A

Ciliary muscles - control shape of lens.
Ciliary process - contains capillaries which form the fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye -in front of the lens.

45
Q

What type of fluid fills the anterior segment and circultates behind the iris, through the pupil to fill the space between cornea and the lens?

A

Aqueous humor.

46
Q

Vitreous humour fills the posterior segment of the lens. Together with the aqueous humor, what does these two fluids maintain in the eye?

A

Maintain the intraccular pressure and keep the eye inflated.

47
Q

Two smooth muscles layers surround the iris. What are they called?

A

Circularry arranged muscle fibres.

Radially arranged muscle fibres.

48
Q

The circularly arranged smooth muscle fibres of the iris are innervated by what neurons? Parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic - constricting the pupil and decreasing the amount of light in the eye.

49
Q

The radially arranged smooth muscle fibres of the iris are innervated by what neurons? Parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Sympatheitc - dilating the pupil and increasing the amount of light in the eye.

50
Q

The retina is the delicate inner most layer of the eyeball. What are its two layers?

A

Layer of light absorbing pigmented cells that are in contact with choroid.
Transparent neural layer containing photoreceptors.

51
Q

What part of the eyeball wall has no photoreceptors and what does this do to the vision?

A

Where the optic disc leaves the eyeball, this is called the blind spot.

52
Q

What is the function of photoreceptors?

A

To convert light into action potentials.

53
Q

True or false.

Rods in the eyeball respond to bright light and provide colour vision.

A

False. These are cones.

Rods respond to low light and provide night time and peripheral vision.

54
Q

What type of photoreceptor do we have more off?

A

Rods.

55
Q

Photoreceptors convert light into graded potentials, which are then converted into action potentials and transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. Does it go to the visual cortex and then the thalamus?

A

No.

It will go to the thalamus first and then the visual cortex.

56
Q

What is refraction?

A

When light travels from one transparent object to another and the light rays are bent. This occurs 3 times when travelling through eye - entering cornea - when entering lens and leaving lens.

57
Q

What is accommodation in the eye?

A

The process of increasing the refractory power of the lens.

58
Q

The shape of the lens is controlled by what?

a. iris
b. ciliary muscles
c. extrinsic eye muscles.

A

Ciliary muscles. These muscles are circularly arranged.

59
Q

What is convergence of the eye?

A

To look at something nearby, the medial rectus muscles of both eyes need to contract the same amount at the same time, so that they inward together. With age the near point vision increases, therefore it becomes harder to see things that are nearby and to read small text.

Nurse 524 Test 3 (3 decks)

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