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Nurse 524 Test 3 > Immune and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Immune and Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three processes of the lymphatic system?

A

Return fluid from around the cells to the CV system.
Filter and trip foreign substances, old cells and pathogens.
Start immune response to antigens / pathogens.

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2
Q

Approximately how much fluid enters the lymphatic vessels daily?

A

3L

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3
Q

What is the main difference between interstitial fluid and lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid is around the cells, location is the main difference.

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4
Q

Leukocytes, fats and water are three substances regularly found in lymph. What are three more?

A

proteins, glucose and ions.

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5
Q

How is lymph prevented from flowing backwards?

A

Through valves.

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6
Q

Lymphatic ducts return lymph to the blood at one junction on either side of the body. What is this name?

A

Internal jugular and subclavian veins.

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7
Q

If lymph was not returned to the CV system, what would happen to the blood volume and pressure of the body?

A

It would decrease. Because fluid is continuing to leave the body and wouldn’t return to it.

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8
Q

What are five lymphoid organs in the body?

A

Tonsils, spleen, peyer’s patches, thymus gland and appendix.

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9
Q

Lymphoid tissue is formed by a mesh of reticular connective tissue fibres. What is the function of this tissue?

A

Filter the body fluid passing through the organ.

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10
Q

Macrophage is one type of cells that crawls along the fibres to scan the body fluid. What do they do when they find a pathogen?

A

Phagocytose them. They may also activate the rest of the immune system.

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11
Q

Lymph nodes are formed by a capsule surrounding collections of lymphoid tissue. What is the tissue called?

A

Lymphoid follicles.

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12
Q

True or false.

All lymph will pass through at least one lymph node before being returned to the CV system.

A

True.

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13
Q

The spleen filters and starts an immune resposne to foreign substances that are found in the blood. It also has three other functions.

A

Traps and stores parts of old RBC.
Stores platelets.
Site of RBC in fetus.

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14
Q

Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) are located beneath the mucosae of the digestive and respiratory tracts. There are four main types of MALT’s in the body, what are they?

A

Tonsils - pharyngeal / palatine / lingual

Peyer’s patches - under mucosa of hte intestines.

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15
Q

What is the function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

A

Develops T lymphocytes. Occurs under the influence of thymosin which is a hormone that is secreted by the thymus gland.
(Does not contain lymphoid follicles)

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16
Q

What are the three processes that a pathogenic microorganisms can cause illness?

A
  1. Entering body cells and disrupting normal cell process.
  2. Reproducing cells, usually killing the cells.
  3. Secreting substances that are toxic to cells.
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17
Q

Your immume system provides a physical protection to restrict the entry of pathogenic microorganisms and their growth to the body. What are two others?

A

Chemical protect - secreting chemicals that limit growth.
Biological barrier - cells that attack pathogenic microorganisims or cells.
Physical protection - skin on the outside of the body and mucous membranes that line body passages restricting access to deeper tissues.

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18
Q

Define Innate defences?

A

Protective tissues, cells, processes and chemicals that you are born with. Eg mucous membranes, natural killer cells, skin.

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19
Q

Define adaptive defences?

A

Protective cells, chemicals and processes that you develop in response to contact with pathogens. Eg. antibodies, b/t lymphocytes.

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20
Q

Define nonspecific defences?

A

Protective tissues, cells, processes and chemicals that are the same no matter what pathogen is present.

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21
Q

Define specific defences?

A

Protective cells, processes and chemicals that respond to particular pathogens.

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22
Q

What is the first line of defence in the body?

A

Is the outer defence system which includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. EG. mucous membranes, skin, stomach acid, sweat, tears.

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23
Q

What is the second line of defence in the body?

A

Group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body. EG. phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells.

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24
Q

What is the third line of defence in the body?

A

Immune cells that target specific antigens. EG Antibodies and T/B cells (lymphocytes).

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25
Q

True or false.
Undamaged skin and mucous membranes create a physcial barrier that restricts entry of pathogenic microorganisms into deeper tissues. This is the first line of defence and it is innate and nonspecific.

A

True. Innate is protective tissues and nonspecific is no matter what pathogen is present.

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26
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Leukocytes (WBC) that engulf and destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

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27
Q

Neutrophils is one type of phagocyte, what is one other?

A

Macrophages -

Neutrophils - most common type. These cells die after they have eaten pathogens.

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28
Q

Phagocytosis is the process of a cell taking in and digesting pathogens or cellular debris. What are the 5 steps to phagocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogen / debris.
  2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods.
  3. Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicles forming phagolysosome.
  4. Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles, leaving residual body.
  5. Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material.
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29
Q

Natural killer cells are a specialised type of lymphocyte that target virus infected cells, what are three other targets for these cells?

A

Cancerous cells
Abnormal cells
Cells with no ‘self’ protein marker (MHC1) on their surface.

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30
Q

Natural killer cells destroy targets by secreting:

A
  1. Perforins - proteins and cellular bullets that create holes in the cell’s membrane.
  2. Granzymes - enzymes that cause the target cell to destroy itself (apoptosis).
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31
Q

What is a fever?

A

Systemic response, usually to the presence of invading microorganisms. It can also be caused by cancer, allergic reactions or injuries to CNS.

32
Q

How does a fever develop?

A

When exposed to a pathogenic microorganism, they secrete pyrogens, which cause the secretion of prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins cause the hypothalamus to raid the set point of the body’s temp about 37C - you now feel cold.

33
Q

How does your body respond to fever?

A

Responds with heat producing mechanisms - shivering, conserves heat through vasoconstriction = increase body temp.

34
Q

A fever assists the immune system by increasing the metabolic rate of cells involved in fighting the infection and in healing. What are two other process it does?

A

Inhibits bacterial growth.

Causes the liver to store iron and zinc.

35
Q

True or false.

A extremely high body temp can cause body proteins (enzymes) to be denatured and not work any more.

A

True.

36
Q

Injured body tissues release chemicals (inflammatory mediators) such as histamine, prostaglandins, complements and kinins. What affect do these chemicals have on the body?

A
  • Cause vasodilation - increasing blood flow to the area.
  • Cause increased capillary permeability = allows fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies to leak from the blood to the interstitial space.
  • Attract phagocytes to the injured area (neutrophils followed by macrophages).
37
Q

Our bodies have a variety of antimicrobial proteins that either attack microorganisms or interfere with their ability to reproduce. What are two of them?

A

Complements

Interferons

38
Q

Complements are usually circulating in the blood inactive. Once activated they insert themselves into the target cell’s membrane, what do they do in the membrane?

A
  • Form a hole and through on the membrane and let the cell’s content leak out (cell lysis).
  • Identify it as a target for phagocytes.
  • Promoting inflammation and the adaptive immune response.
39
Q

Interferons are chemical messenger proteins secreted by the virus-infected cells and lymphocytes. What function do these proteins have?

A

Diffuse to nearby uninfected cells and prevent viral replication in these cells. This ‘warning’ protects the nearby cells from being infected by the virus.
Interferons also activate natural killer cells and macrophages which aid in attacking cancer cells.

40
Q

What line of defence will a pathogen encounter if it gets through the first and second line of defence, and what type of immune response is this?

A

Will encounter the 3rd line of defence and is the adaptive immune response - immunity.

41
Q

What does adapative immune response mean?

A

It is a response that develops in response to exposure to a pathogenic microorganism - or allergen.

42
Q

Explain specific immunity? What type of virus would this bee applied to?

A

Specific immunity develops when you are exposed to a particular pathogen, fight it and develop immunity to it. EG, Exposed to Chicken pox or varicella zoster, you can develop immunity to it.

43
Q

What term is used when the part of a foreign substance / organism / cell that is recognised by and activates the immune system?

A

Antigen

44
Q

Define antibody?

A

A plasma protein that binds to a specific antigen.

45
Q

What term is used for B lymphocytes that produce antibodies and memory B cells called?

A

Humoral immunity.

46
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

T lymphocytes directly attack target cells and produc memory T Cells.

47
Q

Lymphocyte is one of five types of leukocyte (WBC). What are the other four?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils.

48
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced in the body and are they different between adults and children?

A

Produced by the red bone marrow. No they are produced here whether they are children, or adults.

49
Q

Where does B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the body?

A

B lymphocytes - mature in bone marrow.

T lymphocytes - thymus gland.

50
Q

What occurs when a lymphocyte encounters an antigen in the body?

A

The antigen binds to the lymphocyte receptor and it cause the lymphocyte to become activated and then it replicates.

51
Q

What type of lymphocyte are involved in the production of antibodies for Humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes.

52
Q

In humoral immunity, what is described as the primary immune response?

A

Occurs the first time a person is exposed to or infected with a pathogen.

53
Q

What type of cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells are formed from activated B lymphocytes, they produce antibodies.

54
Q

Antibodies a Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells. Where are they found and what do they bind to?

A

Found in blood plasma and other body fluids - bind to a specific antigen.

55
Q

Antigens are a substance that stimulates an immune response, how does this occur and where are they found?

A

Part of the pathogen will be recognised by the immune system, and antigens can be found inside or out of the body.

56
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

If memory B lymphocyte encounters the same antigen again, a secondary immune response will be initiated.

57
Q

How does the secondary immune response differ from the first?

A

More antibodies and memory B cells are produced.

58
Q

What humoral immunity term refers to molecules dissolved in the blood are joined together by antibodies, preventing them from circulating?

A

Precipitation.

59
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Substances and cells bound to antibodies are marked for destruction by phagocytes.

60
Q

What is the term that refers to when antibodies cause histamine release?

A

Inflammation.

61
Q

What humoral immunity term refers to when antibodies acitvate complements leading to formation of a hole in the target cell’s membrane?

A

Cell lysis.

62
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When antibodies stick together.

63
Q

What humoral immunity term refers to when antibodies bind to the outside of viruses or bacterial toxins preventing them from entering or affecting body cells?

A

Neutralisation.

64
Q

Active immunity is where the person is exposed to a pathogen. This is one of the two types of humoral immunities. What is the other one?

A

Passive immunity - where someone receives antibodies from someone else who was exposed to a pathogen and mounted an immune response to it.

65
Q

Active immunity can be naturally or artificially acquired. Explain both.

A

Naturally acquired - infection contact with pathogen.

Artificially- vaccine / dead or attenuated pathogens.

66
Q

What is an attenuated pathogen?

A

Is alive but has been altered so that it is incapable of causing an infection.

67
Q

Passive immunity is where someone receives antibodies from someone else who was exposed to a pathogen. It will be either naturally or artificially acquired passive immunity. Explain both.

A

Naturally - a baby receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta or breast milk.
Artificially - receives an injection of antibodies from another person, previously exposed to a specific disease.

68
Q

In passive immunity, does the person who is exposed to the pathogen have memory cells for that pathogen?

A

No, they will have immunity to the pathogen for as long as the antibodies stay in their body, they do not have the memory cells for that pathogen.

69
Q

If you are vaccinated against the measles, what kind of immunity would you develop as a result?

A

Active artificially acquired.

70
Q

What type of immunity is created through the action of T lymphocytes?

A

Cellular immunity - cell mediated immunity.

71
Q

Cellular immunity is created through the action of T lymphocytes, they directly attack cells that?

A
  1. Become infected by specific viruses or bacteria.
  2. Have become cancerous.
  3. Are foreign - not your own body tissue.
72
Q

After macrophages have consumed bacteria or virus, they display parts of these pathogens on their surface. Why does this happen?

A

They present these antigens so that T lymphocytes know which pathogen to search fro in the body.

73
Q

What is the function of helper-t cells in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Identifies antigens and activates the immune system using cytokines.
cytokines stimulate:
B lymphocytes to differentiate to plasma cells and produce antibodies to the antigen that it was presented to.
Macrophages to search for the antigen.
Activation of cytotoxic / killer t cells that target the antigen.

74
Q

What type of cell kills target cells / pathogens directly using perfoins and granzymes?

A

Cytotoxic T Cells - killer T Cells directly attack cells displaying the antigen. Secreting perforins (bullets) that makes holes in cell membrane and granzymes that cause the target cell to die (undergo apoptosis).

75
Q

What is the function of memory T Cells?

A

Identify antigens / pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed to.

76
Q

What is the function of regulatory T Cells?

A

slow or stop the activity of the immune system once it is no longer needed.

Nurse 524 Test 3 (3 decks)

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