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VAna 101 Doc Je an > Sense Organs (Ears) > Flashcards

Sense Organs (Ears) Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions:
* hearing
* maintain balance

A

Ear

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2
Q

the ear transduces mechanical energy (in the form of sound waves) into electrical energy (in the form of nerve impulses) and transmits information to the brain. Parts involved are external, middle and inner ear.

A

Hearing

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3
Q

delivers information to the brain on position and movement of the head as related to gravitational pull. Only the INNER EAR is involved

A

Maintain balance

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4
Q

Structures of the Ear

A

-External Ear
-Middle Ear
-Inner Ear

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5
Q
  • Pinna = auricle
    – External acoustic meatus = Ear canal
A

External Ear

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6
Q

– Tympanic cavity connects with pharynx via the auditory tube

A

Middle Ear

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7
Q

– Membranous labyrinth within the bony labyrinth
– Functions for both balance and hearing

A

Inner Ear

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8
Q

⚫ portion that is visible externally
⚫ supported by auricular cartilage which is elastic in
nature
⚫ Auricular cartilage

A

Pinna or Auricle

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9
Q

rostral surface is concave and caudal contour is convex forming a natural “scoop” for sound waves

A

Auricular Cartilage

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10
Q

Regions of Pinna

A

-Concha
-Scapha

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11
Q

-most proximal, strongly curved portion
-portion closest to the head
-conchal cavity

A

Concha

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12
Q

several elevations of cartilage in Concha

A

-Tragus
- Pretragic incisure
-Antitragus
-Intertragic incisure

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13
Q

more distal flattened portion of pinna

A

Scapha

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14
Q

⚫ mainly cartilaginous, but also has a bony portion
⚫ cartilaginous portion represents the tubular lateral portion of auricular cartilage
⚫ auricular cartilage is small tubular piece of cartilage, increases mobilityvof external ear by joining external ears main portion with its deepest portion
⚫ the course is roughly “L-shaped”
⚫ the bony portion is short, represents extension of bone from external acoustic meatus of the skull on lateral aspect of tympanic bulla.

A

Ear Canal

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15
Q
  • Consists of an air-filled tympanic cavity connected with the nasopharynx via the auditory tube and closed to the outside by the
    tympanic membrane at the level of the external acoustic meatus
    – has a small, dorsal epitympanic recess and
    – a large, ventral tympanic bulla
A

Middle Ear

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16
Q

the EARDRUM;
-thin, semitransparent membrane situated at the lumen of external acoustic meatus
– separates the external ear from the middle ear
– attached to temporal bone by tympanic ring

A

Tympanic membrane

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17
Q

three auditory ossicles in the middle portion of the tympanic cavity

A

– malleus,
– incus, and
– stapes

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18
Q

two muscles associated with the three auditory ossicles

A

– the tensor tympani on the malleus and
– the stapedius on the stapes

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19
Q

3 portions of the Tympanic Cavity

A

– Epitympanic recess
– Tympanic cavity proper
– Tympanic bulla

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20
Q

⚫ smallest most dorsal of the three chambers
⚫ contains the auditory ossicles and associated muscles

A

Epitympanic recess

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21
Q

-Resemblance to hammer
-Largest most lateral adjacent to tympanic membrane
-Manubrium – “handle”, elongated part of malleus, embedded in the fibrous layer of the ear drum
-Tiny hook – provides insertion point for tensor tympanic muscle
-Head – articulates with incus

A

Malleus

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22
Q

“handle”, elongated part of malleus, embedded in the fibrous layer of the ear drum

A

Manubrium

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23
Q

provides insertion point for tensor tympani muscle

A

Tiny Hook

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24
Q

Resemblance to anvil

A

Incus

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25
Q

“stirrup”
-smallest bone in the entire body

A

Stapes

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26
Q
  • Midportion region adjoining the tympanic membrane
  • Midportion of the cavity receives the opening of auditory tube (from nasopharynx) and communicates in the inner ear by way of vestibular (oval) and cochlear (round) windows
A

Tympanic Cavity Proper

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27
Q

Houses the cochlea

A

Promontory

28
Q

Round Window

A

Cochlear Window

29
Q

Oval Window

A

Vestibular Window

30
Q

-Ventral portion, ventrally expanded “bubble”
of bone visible from external surface of skull
-Theorized to aid in perception of sounds at
both very high and very low ranges

A

Tympanic Bulla

31
Q

Tenses or firms the tympanic membrane and bony chain as a protective measure against excessive vibration

A

Muscles of the middle ear

32
Q

attaches to malleus, innervated by
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (muscle of the middle ear)

A

Tensor tympani

33
Q

Attaches to stapes, innervated by facial nerve (muscle of the middle ear)

A

Stapedius

34
Q

A closed bony chamber that entirely encloses and protects the delicate membranous labyrinth in the petrous part of temporal bone

A

Bony Labyrinth

35
Q

3 continuous fluid filled regions in the Bon Labyrinth

A

1) Vestibule
2) 3 Semicircular canals
3) Cochlea

36
Q

-Similar to CSF
-Fluid that fills the space between external surface of membranous labyrinth and internal surface of bony labyrinth

A

Perilymph

37
Q
  • central portion, encloses the utriculus and sacculus
  • with two openings and channels
A

Vestibule

38
Q

Two openings of Vestibule

A
  • vestibular window – receives the stapes
  • cochlear window – covered by membranes, sometimes called secondary tympanic membrane
39
Q

2 channels of the Vestibule

A
  • vestibular aqueduct – houses the endolymphatic duct
  • cochlear aqueduct – drains the perilymph into the epidural space
40
Q

Houses the semicircular ducts

A

Semicircular Canals

41
Q

– encloses the cochlear duct
– resembles a snail shell

A

Cochlea

42
Q

central hollow core of bone

A

Modiolus

43
Q

housed within Modiulus, receives input from sensory cells in the cochlear duct

A

Spiral ganglion

44
Q

actual lumen of cochlea, spiral around modiolus

A

Spiral canal

45
Q

Shelf of bone that extend outward from the modiolus

A

Spiral lamina

46
Q

Space within bony cochlea

A

– Scala Vestibuli - that lies dorsal to bony spiral lamina
– Scala Tympani - lies ventral to bony spiral lamina

47
Q

Consist of 4 fluid-filled compartment; within the component of the bony labyrinth
-Saccule and utriculus within the vestibule;
-3 semicircular ducts within bony semicircular canals
-Cochlear duct within bony cochlea

A

Membranous Labyrinth

48
Q
  • Blind ended channel that extends from saccules into the epidural space
  • Terminates at expanded endolymphatic sac
  • Plays a role in resorption of endolymph
A

Endolymphatic Duct

49
Q
  • Clear dialysate of blood formed from vessels in specialized regions of membranous labyrinth
  • Fills all parts of membranous labyrinth
  • Mediate the function of membranous labyrinth
  • Waves in fluid can be induced by movement of head (balance) or transmission of sound waves (hearing)
A

Endolymph

50
Q

receptor organ associated with semicircular duct;
function in dynamic equilibrium

A

Crista ampullaris

51
Q

receptor organ found in the utriculus and saccule; function in static equilibrium;
-The ____ of the utriculus may be more important as a receptor for sensing changes in head posture,
-whereas the ____ of the saccule may be more sensitive to vibrational stimuli and loud sounds

A

Macula

52
Q

formerly organ of Corti, is a collection of hair cells and supporting cells that rests on the basilar membrane

A

The Spiral Organ

53
Q
  • arterial supply – labyrinthine artery
  • venous drainage – two channels along vestibular and cochlear aqueducts
A

Vascularization

54
Q

Innervation: via vestibulocochlear nerve

A

– balance – vestibular nerve passes from semicircular ducts
– hearing – cochlear nerve passes from cochlea

55
Q

expanded region of membranous
canal situated at base of semicircular ducts

A

Utriculus

56
Q

-Sensory region in the wall of
utriculus
-Generates information related to
position of head relative to gravity
-Transmits information to the brain
via the vestibulocochlear nerve
-Covered with gelatinous layer
statoconia (calcium carbonate
crystals)

A

Macule – “spot”

57
Q
  • 3 horseshoe-shaped ducts
    -Ampullae – dilations at one
    end
  • Crista – sensory structure
    within ampulla, sensory hairs
    are deflected by motions in
    endolymph
A

Semicircular Ducts

58
Q

dilations at one end (semicircular ducts)

A

Ampullae

59
Q

sensory structure within ampulla, sensory hairs are deflected by motions in
endolymph (semicircular duct)

A

Crista

60
Q
  • Expanded region at the base of cochlear duct
  • Sensory macule is present and functions in hearing
A

Sacculus

61
Q
  • The floor (base) is formed by basilar membrane, separates the cavity of cochlear duct from the cochlea (scala tympani)
  • The roof is formed by vestibular
    membrane (scala vestibuli)
A

Cochlear Duct

62
Q
  • Extremely specialized region that transduces mechanical energy (fluid waves) into electrical energy (nervous impulses) for transmission to brain.
  • Mechanism involves deflection of sensory
    hair cells
  • Transmission is via cochlear portion of
    vestibulocochlear nerve
A

Organ of corti (spiral organ)

63
Q
  • Awning-like membrane extending over
    surface of hair cells
  • Respond to fluid waves in endolymph,
    contacting hair cells causing them to “fire”
A

Tectorial Membrane

64
Q
  • pinna collects sounds
  • funnels it thru external ear canal to the middle ear
    (MECHANISM OF HEARING)
A

External Ear

65
Q
  • Tympanic membrane vibrates
  • Vibration is transmitted to the chain of auditory ossicles, amplified 20x
  • Stapes moves against the membrane covering the vestibular window which transfers energy to the inner ear
    (MECHANISM OF HEARING)
A

Middle Ear

66
Q

site where mechanical impulses are transformed into electrical nervous impulses that can be interpreted by the brain

A

Inner Ear

67
Q

a. Mechanical energy transferred to perilymph in wave form, propagated, enters the scala vestibule of the cochlea
b. Movement transferred to vestibular membrane
c. Vestibular membrane vibrates, move against the endolymph
d. Wave pass thru the endolymph, impinge on tectorial membrane of cochlear duct which causes to contact the hair cells which vibrates
* This is the point at which actual transduction of mechanical energy to electrical energy actually takes place
e. Cells of spiral organ transmit impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve

A

Mechanism of Hearing (READ IT!!!!)

VAna 101 Doc Je an (4 decks)

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