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A & P II Vic > Sense Organs Ch 14 > Flashcards

Sense Organs Ch 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 general types of stimuli that can trigger a response from sensory receptors?

A

mechanical stimuli
thermal stimuli
electromagnetic stimuli
chemical stimuli

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2
Q

What is mechanical stimuli?

A

touch, hearing, balance

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3
Q

What is thermal stimuli?

A

hot and cold

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4
Q

What is electromagnetic stimuli?

A

vision

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5
Q

What is chemical stimuli?

A

taste and smell

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6
Q

What are visceral senses?

A

They make up a somewhat miscellaneous category of interior body sensations

  1. most are vague and poorly localized
  2. sensations of hunger and thirst
  3. visceral stretch receptors in GI tract and urinary system
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7
Q

What do the visceral senses do?

A

indicate deficits in the body so the body can maintain homeostasis in the body

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8
Q

What are the general senses?

A

visceral sensations, touch, temperature, pain, proprioception

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9
Q

How many senses are there?

A

10

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10
Q

With the visceral sensations sense what are sensed and what type of stimulus is it?

A
  • hunger, thirst, hollow-organ fullness

- chemical, mechanical

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11
Q

At the heart of all sense organs are various kinds of specialty modified nerve endings what are they called?

A

dendrites or sensory receptors

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12
Q

With the touch sense what are sensed and what type of stimulus is it?

A
  • touch and pressure

- mechanical

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13
Q

With the temperature sense what are sensed and what type of stimulus is it?

A
  • heat and cold

- thermal

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14
Q

With the pain sense what are sensed and what type of stimulus is it?

A
  • intense stimuli of any type

- mechanical, chemical, or thermal

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15
Q

With the proprioception sense what are sensed and what type of stimulus is it?

A
  • body position and movement

- mechanical

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16
Q

Touch and pressure means?

A
  • tactile sense - sensation of something touching surface of body
  • pressure - sensation of something pressing on body surface
  • different touch and pressure receptors produce sensations of light contact, deep pressure, vibration, or hair movement
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17
Q

Temperature means?

A
  • superficial temperature receptors - in skin - detect upward or downward changes in skin temp.
  • central temperature receptors - in hypothalamus - monitor the temperature of blood
  • CNS can activate mechanisms (sweating, piloerection) to correct hypothermia or hyperthermia
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18
Q

What is nocieptors?

A

pain receptors - most common and widely distributed sensory receptor inside and on the surface of the body

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19
Q

Pain receptors or nociceptors may be free nerve endings or more specialized structures that detect ________ forces and ________.

A

mechanical

temperature

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20
Q

Where in the body is the only place where pain receptors are not found?

A

brain

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21
Q

What is the process of experiencing pain?

A

nociception

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22
Q

What are the 4 processes that contribute to nociception?

A

transduction
transmission
modulation
perception

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23
Q

What is transduction?

A

conversion of painful stimulus into nerve impulse - occurs at the sensory nerve ending

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24
Q

What is transmission?

A

conduction of nerve impulse to the spinal cord

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25
Q

What is modulation?

A

changes the sensory nerve impulse (occurs in spinal cord) - can amplify or suppress sensory impulses

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26
Q

What is perception?

A

conscious awareness of painful stimuli

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27
Q

What is proprioception?

A
  • sense of body position and movement
  • stretch receptors in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules sense movements of limbs, positions of joints, the state of contraction of muscles, and the amount of tension being exerted on tendons and ligaments
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28
Q

What are the special senses?

A

taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, vision

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29
Q

Taste is ?

A
  • gustatory sense - sense of taste - chemical sense
  • chemical receptors: taste buds in oral cavity - back portion of tongue
    • papillae - small elevated structures on the tongue - where taste buds are located
    • taste buds also found in the lining of the mouth and pharynx
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30
Q

What is the sense of smell also called?

A

olfactory sense

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31
Q

Olfactory sense is?

A

very important in most nonhuman animals

It is a chemical sense

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32
Q

The sense of smell is organized in two patches. Olfactory cells are mixed with _______ cells in epithelial patches in nasal passages

A

supporting

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33
Q

_______ processes project up from olfactory cells into the mucous layer that covers the nasal epithelium.

A

hairlike

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34
Q

______ molecules dissolve in the mucus of nasal passages and contact the _______ processes.

A

Odor

sensory

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35
Q

______ impulses are generated, travel to the brain, and are interpreted as particular smells.

A

nerve

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36
Q

Hearing is also called the?

A

auditory sense

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37
Q

Hearing is a ______ sense that converts _____ of air molecules into nerve impulses.

A

mechanical

vibrations

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38
Q

Most structures of the ear are located in the ______ bone of the skull.

A

temporal

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39
Q

The ear, the organ of hearing can be divided into 3 physical and functional areas. What are they?

A

external ear
middle ear
inner ear

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40
Q

What is the external ear?

A

acts as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and direct them to the eardrum

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41
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

amplifies and transmits the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

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42
Q

What is the inner ear?

A

contains the sensory receptors that convert the mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses, along with receptors for the equilibrium sense

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43
Q

What is the pinna?

A

it is the part of the ear that we can see from outside and is a funnel-like structure

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44
Q

What is the pinna composed of?

A

elastic cartilage and skin

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45
Q

What does the funnel-like structure of the pinna do?

A

it collects sound wave vibrations and directs them into the external auditory canal (membrane-lined tube)

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46
Q

The tympanic membrane is commonly called?

A

eardrum

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47
Q

What is the tympanic membrane made of and where is it located?

A

thin connective tissue that is stretched tightly across the opening between the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity

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48
Q

What happens when sound waves vibrations strike the tympanic membrane?

A

causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate

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49
Q

Where is the middle ear located?

A

behind the ear drum

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50
Q

What are the 3 small bones in the middle ear called?

A

ossicles

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51
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

link the tympanic membrane with the cochlea of the inner ear

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52
Q

What connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx?

A

eustachian tube

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53
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A

equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane

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54
Q

What are the 3 small ossicles that link the tympanic membrane with the cochlea of the inner ear, where receptors for hearing are located?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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55
Q

What is the malleus?

A

outermost bone attached to tympanic membrane

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56
Q

What is the incus?

A

middle bone

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57
Q

What is the stapes?

A

middle-most bone attached to membrane that covers the oval window of the cochlea

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58
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

shell-shaped cavity in the temporal bone

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59
Q

What is the hearing portion of the inner ear?

A

cochlea

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60
Q

What structures are in the inner ear?

A

cochlea, organ of Corti

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61
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

is within the cochlea, is soft, multilayered, and has fluid-filled portion that contains receptor cells of hearing

62
Q

Where does the organ of Corti run?

A

along the cochlear duct on the basilar membrane

63
Q

What are the main parts of the organ of Corti?

A

hair cells (hearing receptors), supporting cells, and the tectorial membrane

64
Q

What causes the tympanic membrane and ossicles in the middle ear to vibrate?

A

sound wave vibrations

65
Q

What else does sound wave vibrations cause?

A

vibrations of fluid around the cochlear duct

66
Q

What does fluid vibration cause?

A

the cochlear duct to move

67
Q

The inner ear is made up of structures that contribute to both…?

A

hearing and equilibrium

68
Q

What are the effects of sound waves on cochlear structures?

A

Sound waves cause lympanic membrane and ossicles to vibrate, As the stapes vibrates back and forth, it pushes and pulls on the membrane covering the oval window of the cochlea. This sets fluid in the cochlea in motion, which causes hair cells and tectorial membrane to rub against each other. This bends sensory hairs, generating nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain and interpreted as sound

69
Q

Different frequencies of _____ wave vibrations stimulate different areas along the length of the organ of _______.

A

sound

Corti

70
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

a mechanical sense that helps maintain balance by keeping track of the position and movements of the head.

71
Q

Where are the equilibrium receptors located?

A

located in the portions of the inner ear called vestibule and semicircular canals

72
Q

Maintaining balance involves?

A

information from the equilibrium receptors, from the eyes, and the proprioceptors around the body

73
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A

between the cochlea and semicircular canals

74
Q

What is the vestibule composed of?

A

two sacklike spaces called utricle and saccule surrounded by perilymph

75
Q

In each utricle and saccule is a patch of sensory epithelium called?

A

macula

76
Q

What does macula consist of?

A

hair cells and supporting cells covered by a gelatinous matrix that contains crystals of calcium carbonate (otoliths)

77
Q

What are otoliths?

A

crystals of calcium carbonate

78
Q

What causes otoliths and the gelatinous matrix to put pressure on the hairs on the vestibule?

A

gravity

79
Q

What bends sensory hairs on the vestibule?

A

movement of the head

80
Q

What does the vestibule do?

A

generates nerve impulses that give the brain information about position of the head

81
Q

Where are semicircular canals located?

A

opposite the vestibule from the cochlea

82
Q

What do semicircular canals contain?

A

fluid-filled membranous tubes

83
Q

What is an ampulla?

A

enlarged area near the utricle end of each semicircular canal

84
Q

The ampulla contains?

A

the receptor structure called crista ampullaris or crista

85
Q

What does crista contain?

A

supporting cells and hair cells with modified dendrites sticking up into gelatinous structure called the cupula

86
Q

What is the cupula?

A

gelatinous structure in the crista

87
Q

When the head moves in the plane of one of the semicircular canals, what happens?

A

inertia causes the endolymph to lag behind the movement of the canal itself

88
Q

The relative movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals pulls on the cupula which…?

A

bends the hairs

89
Q

The movement of the endolymph generates what?

A

nerve impulses that give the brain information about motion of the head - particularly rotary motion

90
Q

Most components of the eye function to help form an…?

A

accurate visual image, not detect it

91
Q

Photoreceptors that detect the image and generate visual nerve impulses are?

A

in a single layer of cells in the retina

92
Q

Two general terms refer to the eye, what are they?

A

ocular and the combining form ophthalm

93
Q

The eye consists of 3 major layers, what are they?

A

outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, inner nervous layer

94
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

admits light to its interior and gives strength and shape to the eyeball

95
Q

Components of the fibrous layer are?

A

cornea, sclera, and limbus

96
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparent; admits light to interior of the eye

97
Q

In the cornea there is an arrangement of _____ fibers; no ______ vessels.

A

collagen

blood

98
Q

What is the sclera?

A

“white” of the eye

99
Q

What is the sclera composed of?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

100
Q

Where is the limbus located?

A

junction of the cornea and the sclera

101
Q

What is the middle vascular layer also called?

A

uvea

102
Q

The middle vascular layer has several parts, what are they?

A

choroid
iris
ciliary body

103
Q

The choroid is?

A

in most animals it forms the tapetum - highly reflective area in the rear o the eye

104
Q

What is the choroid composed of?

A

pigment and blood vessels

105
Q

Where is the choroid located?

A

between the sclera and the retina

106
Q

What is the iris?

A

pigmented muscular diaphragm

107
Q

What does iris do?

A

controls the amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eyeball

108
Q

What is the pupil?

A

opening at the center of iris

109
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

surrounds the eye and is ring-shaped structure behind the iris and have muscles that adjust shape of the lens to allow near and far vision

110
Q

What is the retina?

A

lines the back of the eye

111
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

the sensory receptors for vision, the rods and cones

112
Q

A compartment of the eyeball is aqueous compartment which is subdivided by…?

A

the iris into anterior and posterior chambers

113
Q

The aqueous compartment contains?

A

clear watery fluid; aqueous humor

114
Q

The aqueous compartment is produced?

A

in the posterior chamber by cells of the ciliary body

115
Q

The vitreous compartment contains?

A

a clear gelatinous fluid called vitreous humor - gives eye its spherical shape

116
Q

The viterous humor fills?

A

the whole back of the eyeball behind the lens and ciliary body

117
Q

The interior of the eye is made up of two fluid-filled compartments what are they?

A

The aqueous compartment - is in front of the lens and ciliary body
The vitreous compartment - is behind the lens and ciliary body

118
Q

The lens of the eye is a?

A

soft, transparent structure

119
Q

The lens of the eye is made up of?

A

layers of fibers

120
Q

The lens of the eye is elastic and?

A

biconvex (bulges out on both sides)

121
Q

The front surface of the lens of the eye is?

A

in contact with aqueous humor

122
Q

The back surface of the lens of the eye is?

A

in contact with vitreous humor

123
Q

The main role of the lens is to?

A

help focus a clear image on the retina regardless of whether the image is being view close up or far away

124
Q

What does accommodation mean in relation to the lens?

A

it is the process by which the shape of the lens is changed to allow close-up and distant vision

125
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscles in the lens relaxes?

A

it causes tension on suspensory ligaments; flattens the lens

126
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscles in the lens contracts?

A

releases tenson on the suspensory ligaments; lens assumes its natural, more rounded shape

127
Q

Close up vision requires ______ contractions in the ciliary body, but distant vision _____ ____.

A

muscle

does not

128
Q

What is the retina?

A
  • it is multilayered

- lines most of the vitreous compartment

129
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A 
From outside in, the layers are
- a thin pigment layer
- the photoreceptor layer
- the bipolar cell layer
- the ganglion cell layer
- a nerve fiber layer that proceeds to the optic nerve     
   deepest layer
130
Q

What is the optic disc of the retina?

A

site where nerve fibers on the inside surface of the retina converge and leave the eye to form the optic nerve - back of eye - no photoreceptors

131
Q

What is the photoreceptor cells?

A

neurons with modified dendrites

132
Q

Two receptors with different shapes and characteristics are found among the photoreceptor cells, what are they called?

A

rods and cones

133
Q

What are rods?

What are cones?

A
  • more sensitive to light

- more sensitive to color and detail

134
Q

Extraocular structures are not part of the eye itself but play an important role in its _______ and ____.

A

protection and functioning

135
Q

The structures of the extraocular are?

A

conjunctiva, eyelids, the tear-production and drainage system, and the muscles that delicately move and position the eyeballs

136
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

thin transparent membrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelids

137
Q

What is the conjunctival sac?

A

the space between the bulbar and palpebral portions of the conjunctiva

138
Q

What are the eyelids?

A

upper and lower folds of skin lined by the thin, moist conjunctiva

139
Q

What are the lateral and medial canthus?

A

corners where the eyelids come together

140
Q

What are the tarsal glands?

A

produce waxy substance that helps prevent tears from overflowing onto the face

141
Q

What is the nictitating membrane?

A

third eyelid of domestic animals located medially between eyelids and eyeball - it is T-shaped plate of cartilage covered by conjunctiva

142
Q

What is the lacimal apparatus?

A

structures that produce and secrete tears and drain them away from the surface of the eye

143
Q

Two small openings, one each in the upper and lower eyelid margins, drain tears away from the surface of each eye, what are the openings called?

A

lacrimal puncta

144
Q

From the lacrimal puncta on each side, the tears flow down two small ducts to the?

A

lacrimal sac

145
Q

The tears go from the lacimal sac to a single duct called the?

A

nasolacrimal duct

146
Q

Eye muscles attach to the?

A

sclera of the eye

147
Q

The eye is capable of?

A

a wide range of movements

148
Q

The eye has 6 extraocular muscles, what are they?

A

4 straight muscles and 2 oblique muscles

149
Q

The straight muscles in the eye are called rectus muscles, they include?

A

dorsal, ventral, medial, and lateral rectus muscles - the names indicate where they attach to the eyeball

150
Q

The two oblique muscles in the eye are?

A

dorsal and ventral oblique muscles

A & P II Vic (8 decks)

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