Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NI1 > Sensation & Sensory Loss > Flashcards

Sensation & Sensory Loss Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between sensing & sensation?

A

Sensing: Becoming aware of something via the senses

Sensation: Conversion of environmental stimuli/movement of body parts to an electrical signal. Essential for normal movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is perception?

A
  • Result of sensory processing
  • Can occur consciously or unconsciously
  • Guides the response to the sensation
  • Relies on emotion, past experience, memory, cognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is loss of sensation?

A
  • Decreased sensitivity to somatosensory stimuli
  • Primary impairment
  • Less common than loss of strength or dexterity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What primary sensory inputs contribute to movement?

A
  • Visual
  • Vestibular
  • Somatosensation (tactile & kinaesthetic sensation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of vision in movement?

A
  • Recognition (objects, movement, direction speed - conscious & automatic)
  • Comparison to memory (posterior parietal lobe for integration of sensory input)
  • Cognition response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular system?

A
  • Provides info about direction & speed of head movement
  • Position of the head relative to gravity
  • Maintaining eye position (gaze stability)
  • Postural adjustments
  • Autonomic function & consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A
  • Give information about angular acceleration of the head, i.e. rotation in 3 planes (forward/backwards, sideways, rotation)
  • Only give information under acceleration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the utricle & saccules?

A
  • Contain ossicles
  • Sensitive to gravity
  • Give information about linear acceleration of the head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What areas of the CNS does the vestibular system transmit afferent information to?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum
  • Primary & secondary motor cortices
  • Spinal cord
  • ANS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Pusher syndrome?

A
  • Push body onto affected side following stroke (normally stroke patients push away from affected side)
  • No longer have a correct sense of where upright is
  • Cognitive perception problem (not visual or vestibular)
  • Visual markers are helpful for re-training
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is somatosensation made up of?

A
  • Tactile sensation

- Kinaesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the components of tactile sensation?

A
  • Light touch
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Pin prick
  • Tactile localisation
  • Bilateral simultaneous touch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does skills does tactile sensation provide?

A
  • Tactile discrimination (differentiating between different textures)
  • Stereognosis (ability to know what an object is just with touch, i.e. without vision)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the components of kinaesthesia?

A
  • Sense of position
  • Sense of movement
  • Sense of heaviness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does kinaesthesia work?

A
  • Force of muscle contraction activates afferent neurons
  • Muscle spindles active through full range of contraction & are modified by spinal mechanisms
  • Joint receptors become activated at EOR
  • Kinaesthetic info is carried on somatosensory pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 main types of receptors for kinaesthesia?

A
  • Meissner & Pacinian corpuscles (fast adapting, give info about beginning/end of movement)
  • Merkel’s & Ruffini’s endings (slow adapting, give info about intensity/duration of contraction)
17
Q

How does somatosensory loss affect stroke patients?

A
  • Occurs in 60-85% of stroke patients
  • Tactile discrimination usually more impaired than kinaesthetic discrimination
  • No sharp area of demarcation (i.e. sensory loss doesn’t follow dermatomal distribution)
18
Q

What are the consequences of sensory impairments?

A
  • Decreased ability to manipulate objects in the hand
  • Inability to sustain an appropriate level of force during grasping without vision
  • Poor ability to balance in standing
  • Decreased walking speed/inability to walk
  • Reduced safety
  • Decreased ability to learn new skills
19
Q

Why do we need to assess & train sensation?

A
  • Differential diagnosis
  • Safety
  • Ability to learn new motor tasks
  • Ability to use hands
  • Ability to walk
  • Leisure activities
20
Q

What are the most common clinical sensory measures in stroke?

A
  • Nottingham sensory assessment

- Rivermead assessment of somatosensory performance

21
Q

What is the evidence for sensation testing?

A
  • Most physios assess light touch & kinaesthesia
  • Most of the other components aren’t tested often
  • 70% of clinicians don’t measure sensation at all
  • Sensation isn’t being tested very well in clinical practice at the moment
22
Q

What are the important components of training sensation?

A

Training sensation should:

  • Be specific (sensory modality, body part)
  • Be repetitive
  • Be progressive
  • Include vision & visual occlusion
  • Incorporate feedback
23
Q

What is the evidence for training sensation in chronic stroke?

A
  • Chronic stroke patients
  • 10 x 60 min sessions over 3 weeks of specific sensory retraining (tactile discrimination, wrist kinaesthesia & object recognition)
  • Compared to sham
  • Improvements in experiment group compared to control
  • Effect maintained at 6 week & 6 month follow-ups
24
Q

What evidence is there for sensory training in chronic hemiplegic stroke patients?

A
  • Specific sensory training compared with control
  • 45 mins 3 x per week for 6 weeks
  • Significant improvement in tactile & kinaesthetic discrimination only in patients given specific sensory training
25
Q

What evidence is there for motor & sensory training in chronic stroke patients?

A
  • 4 weeks motor training vs 4 weeks sensory training, then swapped
  • Significant improvement in patient function following 12 hours supervised sensory training
  • Improvements paralleled type of training
26
Q

What evidence is there for the Nottingham sensory scale?

A
  • Review of 2 studies looking at Nottingham use after stroke
  • Light touch & pressure most reliable
  • Pinprick & temperature least reliable
27
Q

What does motor training in the presence of visual impairment involve?

A
  • Glasses if appropriate
  • Simplifying background
  • Instructing patient to scan for features of object/environment
  • Instructing patient to scan while walking
  • Following a moving object with eye & head movements
28
Q

How can motor training in the presence of visual impairment be progressed?

A
  • Vary levels of illumination
  • Increase complexity of background
  • Increase speed of moving objects or of patient moving in environment
29
Q

What does motor training in the presence of nausea/dizziness involve?

A
  • Initially avoid movements that provoke symptoms
  • Start with small, slow movements
  • Progress to larger amplitude, faster, more joints moving
  • Varying terrain
  • Gradually add in moving objects

NI1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions