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Intro to Psych - #2 > Sensation + Perception > Flashcards

Sensation + Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sensation

A

Gathering sensory information from the environment

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2
Q

Define perception

A

psychological/mental organisation + interpretation of sensory info

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3
Q

What are the two ways we process sensory info?

A
  1. bottom-up processing

2. top-down processing

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4
Q

Describe bottom-up processing

A
  • based on physical features of the stimulus

- as each aspect is processed, our perception builds up

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5
Q

Describe top-down processing

A
  • information processing guided by higher-level mental processes (i.e. what we expect to see)
  • based on our past experiences/expectations
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6
Q

What are the 4 elementary tastes?

A
  • sweet
  • salty
  • sour
  • bitter
    ( and umami )
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7
Q

What are umami receptors and what do they do?

A
  • fat/glutamate receptors

- they enhance the flavours

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8
Q

What is transduction?

A

changing the physical simulus into a neural signal

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9
Q

Describe the 4 steps in transduction

A

Physical > receptor organ > receptor > neural signal

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10
Q

How does Taste transduction occur?

A

By having a food chemical react with a taste bud

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11
Q

Describe the steps leading up to taste transduction

A
  • chemicals dissolve in saliva
  • find their way into fungiform papillae
  • each F. Papillae contains specialised taste buds
  • food enters taste buds = action potentials
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12
Q

For each taste there is a _____?

A

Different type of taste bud

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13
Q

What is sensory interaction?

A

When one sense influences another

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14
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

when one sense is simultaneously experienced with another.

  • normally people experience one
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15
Q

What’s special about non-tasters + supertasters?

A

non-tasters: have fewer taste buds than normal

super-tasters: have more taste buds than normal

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16
Q

What impacts differences in perception?

A
  • cultural differences

- individual histories differ [ex. food you prefer are probably determined by upbringing]

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17
Q

What is stability provided by?

A

the vestibular system

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18
Q

Where is the vestibular system located?

A

In the middle ear

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19
Q

The vestibular system provides us with: _____?

A

the ability to balance and maintain posture

20
Q

What are the 5 aspects of visual info processing?

A
  1. scene
  2. retinal processing
  3. feature detection
  4. abstraction
  5. recognition
21
Q

What is light?

A

the physical stimulus for vision

22
Q

What is the eye designed to do?

A

take incoming light rays + focus them so they hit the retina

23
Q

describe the Lens [4 points]

A
  • transparent
  • flexible
  • convex
  • performs 20% of refraction
24
Q

What is accommodation?

A

process where the ciliary muscles (attaches to lens) changes the shape of the lens
- this brings the image into focus

25
Q

Describe the retina [3 points]

A
  • light sensitive inner surface
  • has 2 types of photoreceptors: rods + cones
  • layers of neurons that begin visual info processing
26
Q

What do rods do?

A
  • greatly increase visual sensitivity
    » ability to see in many light levels
    » low levels to bright levels
27
Q

What do cones do?

A

Detect differences in details

28
Q

Where are the rods found?

A

in the sides, NOT FOVEA

29
Q

Where are cones found?

A

In the fovea, NOT THE SIDES

30
Q

What is colour-deficient vision caused by?

A
  • missing 1 type of photo pigment
    OR
  • an atypical proportion of 3 cone types
  • genetically based
31
Q

What is acuity?

A
  • lack of convergence in the cones/fovea

- can distinguish one point from another

32
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

the convergence or pooling of info in rods/periphery

33
Q

What happens when the rods converge?

A
  • can’t discriminate 2 stimuli
34
Q

What can’t you perceive?

A

things that aren’t in the real world

35
Q

What specific features do neurones in the brain respond to? [4]

A
  • shape
  • angle
  • intersections
  • movement
36
Q

Describe the Nasty Contact Lens study

A
  • Pritchard et al

- stabilised retinal image to fatigue feature detectors

37
Q

Conclusion from the Nasty Contact Lens study?

A
  • Humans have feature detectors
38
Q

What are Gestalt Principles?

A

the idea that the whole is MORE THAN the sum of the parts

39
Q

What do Gestalt principles help us to do?

A

make sense of ambiguous inputs

40
Q

What is perceptual organisation?

A

the tendncy to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

41
Q

Define ‘grouping’

A

the perceptual tendency to organise stimuli into coherent groups

42
Q

What are the 6 key things for grouping?

A
  1. simplicity
  2. closure
  3. continuity
  4. similarity
  5. proximity
  6. common fate
43
Q

What is the symmetry rule?

A

symmetric shapes = better figures

44
Q

What is the lower region rule?

A

regions @ the bottom = better figures

45
Q

What are the 2 aspects of depth perception?

A
  • monocular rules

- binocular rules

46
Q

What are the 4 aspects of monocular rules?

A
  • linear perspective: converging lines on horizons points
  • texture gradient: fewer, learger units = closer
  • interposition: closer in front
    relative height: lower objects are closer
47
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

> > space between the eyes - each eye registers a slightly diff view of the world
these differences provides brain w important direct info

Intro to Psych - #2 (6 decks)

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