sensation + perception

Question 1

What are the five senses?

Answer 1

vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste

Question 2

What is the common goal of senses?

Answer 2

to translate what we experience in the world as a mental representation (percept)

Question 3

What is the function of perception?

Answer 3

takes information from multiple sense to form a complete percept of the world around us

Question 4

What sense(s) use chemical reactions?

Answer 4

taste and smell

Question 5

What sense(s) use mechanical movement of neuronal parts?

Answer 5

touch and hearing

Question 6

What sense(s) converge light energy into neuronal signaling?

Answer 6

vision

Question 7

Sensory systems are designed to detect?

Answer 7

change in the environment

Question 8

Sensory receptors translate _ and _

Answer 8

intensity and frequency

Question 9

Define habituation

Answer 9

the phenomenon that our awareness of sensory input goes away after a while

Question 10

Describe the pathway hearing takes

Answer 10

hair cell in the cochlea (inner ear), inferior colliculus, thalamus, auditory cortex

Question 11

Auditory information cross to the __ hemisphere and synapses in the _ _ and _ before entering the __ __ cortex on the __ surface of the __ lobe

Answer 11

contralateral
brain stem; thalamus
primary auditory;
superior; temporal

Question 12

How is the auditory cortex organized?

Answer 12

inotropic
neurons encoding lower frequency sounds positioned towards the rostral end of the auditory cortex
higher frequency sounds are encoded caudally

Question 13

Define intra-aural timing

Answer 13

difference when we hear a sound in one ear v another, used to determine sound localization

Question 14

Describe the pathway of smell takes

Answer 14

olfactory receptors, olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex

Question 15

Odorants enter the nose, activating sensory receptors along the __, receptors synapse in __ __ and enter the __ and __ cortex on the __ side without going to the __

Answer 15

nasal epithelium at the roof of the nasal cavity
olfactory bulb, primary; secondary olfactory
ipsilateral
thalamus

Question 16

What is the function of the primary olfactory cortex?

Answer 16

detects changes in directionality of scents

Question 17

What is the function of the secondary olfactory cortex?

Answer 17

helps identify what scents are

Question 18

Where is the olfactory cortex?

Answer 18

part of the piriform cortex, located at the ventral portion of the frontal lobe near the junction of the temporal lobe

Question 19

How many types of receptors are the for the five different types of taste?

Answer 19

three
salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami

Question 20

Describe the pathway taste takes

Answer 20

taste buds (sensory receptors) to brain stem to thalamus to gustatory cortex

Question 21

Where is the secondary gustatory cortex, what is its function?

Answer 21

orbital frontal cortex
works to process pleasure and reward aspects of food

Question 22

Describe the perception of taste

Answer 22

tongue works together with taste buds and specialized receptors for touch (pressure) and chemical signals for spiciness/ carbonation
works in tandem with olfactory system to yield taste

Question 23

Where is the gustatory cortex?

Answer 23

insula

Question 24

Where are the highest concentration of touch receptors?

Answer 24

greatest in the area where we have the most touch sensitivity

Question 25

Describe the pathway touch takes

Answer 25

sensory receptor, spinal cord, medulla (decussation), thalamus, somatosensory cortex

Question 26

Where do touch receptors enter the spinal cord?

Answer 26

the dorsal horn

Question 27

Where are the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 27

anterior and dorsal portion of the parietal lobe

Question 28

How is the somatosensory cortex organized?

Answer 28

somatotropic organization
different areas of the cortex devoted to encoding different info about different body parts (sensory homunculus)

Question 29

Describe the pathway vision takes

Answer 29

retina, rods/cones, optic chiasm, thalamus, visual cortex

Question 30

How is vision initially processed?

Answer 30

translation of light
light changes chemical composition of photopigments in rods and cones, causing action potentials to fire

Question 31

How do cones and rods differ?

Answer 31

rods - sensitive to a variety of light types
cones - specialized for short, medium, and long wavelengths of light so they encode colors or red, blue, and green

Question 32

Light signals travel through the __ _ and into the __ portion of __ crosses to other hemisphere through _ _. Synapses to __ __ __ of the thalamus which enters the __ __ cortex

Answer 32

optic nerve
medial retina
optic chiasm
lateral geniculate nucleus
primary visual

Question 33

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

Answer 33

caudal part of the occipital lobe

Question 34

How is the primary visual cortex organized?

Answer 34

retinotopically
each neuron corresponds to a receptive field part of the retina
light stimulus will activate neurons in the same space

Question 35

What is the specialization of the cells in V1 (primary visual cortex)

Answer 35

fire when an edge is detected

Question 36

What is the specialization of the cells in V5

Answer 36

sensitive to motion

Question 37

What is the specialization of cells in V4

Answer 37

sensitive to color