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Psychology 1A > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

modalities

A

sensory brain region that process different components of the perceptual world.

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2
Q

define psychophysics

A

scientific method for investigation of relationships between physical stimuli and psychological experience

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3
Q

what is the absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus discriminated reliably from no stimulus. need to respond yes 50% of the time for a trial to be successful

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4
Q

what are the 5 senses thresholds

A

on picture

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5
Q

what is the difference threshold / just noticeable difference

A

the minimum difference in stimulus intensity necessary to tell the two apart

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6
Q

what is webers law

A

that the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion despite variations in the stimulus

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7
Q

what is the aim in detection experiments

A

for the ppt to discriminate the presence of a stimulus from background noise

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8
Q

how does a ppt do this

A

adopt a response criterion (= attitude to the decision)

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9
Q

what is signal detection theory

A

an observation that the response to stimulus depends on a persons sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a persons response criterion

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10
Q

Signal detection theory allows us to measure sensitivity and bias separately how?

A

using hits and false alarms.

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11
Q

describe the ways in which a ppts response could be categorised

A

hit = said yes was yes
miss = said no but was there
false alarm = said yes wasnt there
correct rejection = was no said no

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12
Q

what effects response criterion

A

your evaluation of the costs and benefits of the different possible outcomes e.g is there a tumour said no but it is there = death

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13
Q

what is d prime

A

a statistic that gives a relatively pure measure of the observers sensitivity or ability to detect signals

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14
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions

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15
Q

what is visual acuity

A

ability to see fine detail

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16
Q

what is visible light

A

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen

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17
Q

how we see

A

see picture

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18
Q

describe the retina

A

the surface of the retina is composed of photoreceptor cells the rods and cone beneath a layer of transparent neurons the bipolar and retinal ganglion cells

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19
Q

describe the world on your retina

A

inverted as has passed through the lens
topographic - reflects real world spatial relationships
much of view common to both retina but also sees parts the other doesnt

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20
Q

what happens from the retina to the brain

A

visual signals relay to primary visual cortex (V1) via the lateral geniculate nucleus
prior to this half the optic nerve fibres from either eye cross over at the optic chiasm so Right visual field to left hemisphere

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21
Q

what is a receptive field

A

region of the sensory surface that when stimulated causes a change in firing rate of thay neuron - on centre cells off center cells

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22
Q

receptive field info

A

each photoreceptor receives light from a specific part of the visual field so its receptive field corresponds to a specific part of the visual field

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23
Q

what is the receptive field of the ganglion determined by

A

the positions of the photoreceptors to which it connects

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24
Q

describe the parts of the receptive fields

A

functional and spatial characteristics - most are center surround type. ganglion cell is sensitive to differences between illumination in the centre and surround portions of its receptive field

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25
Q

describe simple cells

A

larger receptive fields than ganglion cells they respond to edges of a certain orientation in a certain position

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26
Q

describe complex cells

A

combine input from many simple cells with the same orientation turning and adjacent receptive fields. can respond to an edge of a particular orientatopn st any position in their receptive field

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27
Q

describe hypercomplex cells

A

combine input from many complex cells to respond to increasingly refined features

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28
Q

bottom up hierarchy of feature detectors see phone

A

see picture

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29
Q

what is motion

A

a powerful cue for alerting and orientating and for form perception

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30
Q

what is space constancy

A

we factor out self generated movement to perceive only movement arising in the world

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31
Q

what are the two possibilities for space constancy

A

monitoring eye muscle systems for sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) signals

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32
Q

observations linked to space constancy

A

the world does not stay stable when the eye is moved passively (sensory signal but no motor signal = space constancy fails)

the world seems to move when we try to move a paralysed eye (motor signal but no sensory signal = space constancy maintained)

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33
Q

what can we conclude from the space constancy observations

A

the brain automatically factors out from the image motion signal(IMS), the corollary discharge signal (CDS) which is an exact copy of the motor signal sent to the eyes

34
Q

describe evolutionary utility

A

dont experience the world directly, through the filter of own perceptual system. do not present objective reality, they have evolved to reconstruct reality in a way that is biologically useful

35
Q

how does colour vision help

A

classify and identify objects

important signalling mechanism in nature. facilitates perceptual organisation of scene into distinct objects

36
Q

what determines the colour

A

the wavelength of light that it reflects. most objects reflect a mixture of wavelengths

37
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptor

A

rods and cones

38
Q

describe rod cells

A

very light sensitive but all contain same photopigment (rhodopsin) they provide low light acuity, light sensitive peripheral vision which is monochromatic

39
Q

describe cone cells

A

they are tightly packed in the central fovea giving high acuity colour vision. cones come in three varieties depending on the photopigment they contain

40
Q

what are the three absorption spectra of the cone cells

A 
blue = S and 419 nm wavelength 
green = m 531
red = L 559 nm
41
Q

how do the cone cells work together to produce images

A

the combination of responses from the S M and L cones leads to perception of all colours

42
Q

what is colour transduction

A

trichromatic

43
Q

describe the neural coding of colour

A

it is an opponent process. the signals from the red green and blue cones are coded as opponent pairs. a retinal ganglion cell may be excited by firing of red cone and inhibited by firing of green

44
Q

describe colour constancy by chromatic adaptation

A

wavelenghts reflected by object are determined by objects reflectancy + wavelengths in illumination. colour constancy reduces sensitivity to the dominant wavelengths in the light with our current environment. same colour across changes in illumination

45
Q

describe perceptual constancies

A

means we can see real unchanging properties in the world despite large changes in stimulation

46
Q

what is the problem with vision

A

recovering a 3d world from a 2d one. no unique solution so do it by piecing together as much info as is available and making assumptions about the world

47
Q

what is the depth cues table on

A

my phone

48
Q

what is binocular disparity

A

two eyes have slightly different views. by sensing the disparity between the objects image in the two eyes the brain can calculate depth

49
Q

what is the process of matching up disparate images as seeing in depth called?

A

stereoscopic vision

50
Q

describe stereoscopic vision

A

slightly different images to each eye - images compared computed and vivid depth is experienced

51
Q

what is motion parallax

A

a dynamic monocular retinal depth cue

52
Q

when are static (pictoral) depth cues available

A

when viewing a static scene such as a picture through even one eye

53
Q

what are the pictorial depth cues

A

height in scene blur and interposition

54
Q

explain size perspective and texture gradient as a pictorial depth cue`

A

size - retinal image projected by an object reduces in proportion to distance from the eye
perspective - brain assumes parallel edges
texture gradient - the braini assumes a constant grain size

55
Q

explain size and distance in more depth

A

how far away, interpret image size, tells us how big the object is. depth is a cue to object size

56
Q

what is size constancy

A

tendency to take distance into account when estimating object size. far objects not as small as they should because we size them up

57
Q

how does familiar size relate to depth perception

A

familiar with real size use it to infer distance

58
Q

what are extra retinal depth cues

A

do not come from visual image but from movement of the eyes

59
Q

how do extra retinal depth cues work

A

monitoring the convergence angle of the eyes the brain can calculate the distance to a point of fixation - trigonometry

60
Q

what did the gestalt psychologists propose

A

the whole is other than the sum of the parts

61
Q

what are the proposed laws of perceptual organisation also called

A

heuristics

62
Q

how is the problem of vision solved

A

all of the depth cues and heuristics (assumptions)

63
Q

what are the laws of perceptual organisation

pragnanz to prox

A

simplicity Law of pragnanz - stimulus patter is seen such that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

similarity - similar things group together

proximity - near things group together

64
Q

rest of the laws of perceptual organisation

A

good continuation - points on straight or smooth lines belong together

closure - often aided by cues of good continuation we tend to see object as complete despite occlusion.

common fate - things that move together belong together

meaningfulness/ familiarity - things are more likely to form groups is those are familiar

65
Q

how do heuristics work in the real world

A

make perception more efficient under normal conditions but mislead us when normal conditions dont apply.

66
Q

what is figure ground segregation

A

figure is the thing in the scene with ground out uniformly behind it. figure ground border belongs to thing. regions w symmetry tend to be seen as the figure. smaller regions tend to be seen as figure

67
Q

is lower or upper part the figure - what else

A

lower in 84% of free viewing

meaningful shapes are seen as the figure.

68
Q

how does figure ground segregation link to object reognition

A

recognition interacts with and influences FGS

69
Q

top down or bottom up

A

perception doesnt just come from sensory data (bottom up) actively constructed using context knowledge and expectation (bottom down)

70
Q

how do bottom up combine

A

the predictions about the world (top down) are continuously refined by comparing them to sensory data (bottom up). the predictions and prediction errors are what we experience.

71
Q

how is perceptual inference bayesian

A

his work on conditional probabilities describes how we should adjust our beliefs according to new evidence. prior prob.(how much we expect something) and sensory data (how much evidence we have for it)

72
Q

what is synaesthesia

A

person experiences sensations in one modality when a second modality is stimulated

73
Q

what are some characterisctics of synaesthesia

A

cross modal pairings are stable over time. can show automatic interference or pop out effects. grapheme - colour synaesthete slowed by letters in wrong colour

74
Q

is synaesthesia result of memories of coloured letters and numbers

A

a learned association between colour and grapheme doesnt explain historical reports. other types of the condition and martian colours

75
Q

are synaesthetes on drugs

A

LSD - pharmacologically induced may not based on the same neural mechanisms as the congenital synth.
not everyone who uses LSD experiences it

76
Q

low and high level

A

low level only letter not number

high level letter and number

77
Q

costs of synaesthesia

A

can not be switched off. can be distracting can be intrusive and unpleasant

78
Q

benefits of synaesthesia

A

can confer mental advantages. richer sensory associations = enhanced memory

79
Q

pruning

A

synaptic pruning

80
Q

what is the mcgurk effect

A

if a person sees lip movements of one speech sound while a different is spoken they hear a third sound
we use visual info whilst we listen
people with hearing loss do this more accurately

Psychology 1A (3 decks)

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