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MCAT Psych > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

transduction: conversion of physical, auditory info from internal and external environment to electrical signals in the nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

processing of this info to make sense of its significcance

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3
Q

sensory receptors

A

neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger signals

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4
Q

Ganglia

A

collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system

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5
Q

photoreceptors

A

sight

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6
Q

hair cells

A

sensory receptor: respond to movement of fluid int he inner ear structures (hearing, rotational and linear acceleration

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7
Q

nociceptors

A

painful or noxious stimuli

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8
Q

thermoreceptor

A

change in temp

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9
Q

osmoreceptor

A

osmolarity of blood

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10
Q

olfactory receptors

A

smell

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11
Q

taste receptors

A

dissolved compounds

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12
Q

threshold

A

minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception
can be called limina

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13
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system (threshold in sensation, not perception). how loud, bright, intense a stimulus must be before it is sensed

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14
Q

subliminal perception

A

perception of a stimulus below a threshold (usually the threshold of conscious perception)

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15
Q

difference threshold or just noticeable difference

A

minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive the difference. most can’t tell between 440 HZ and 441 Hz. need at least 3 Hz

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16
Q

Weber’s law

A

constant ratio between change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of original stimulus. for higher-magnitude stimuli, difference must be lrager to produce a jnd

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17
Q

signal detection theory

A

perception of stimuli can be affected by nonsensory factors, like memories, motives

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18
Q

response bias

A

tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

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19
Q

signal detection experiment

A

many trials, during each trial, a stimulus may or may not be presented. if it is, its a catch trial. if not, noise trial. hit (signal and perception), miss (no perception of signal) false alarm (perception but no signal), correct negative

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20
Q

adaptation

A

our detection of a stimulus changes.
physiological and psychological component
cold water no longer seems cold once we get used to it

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21
Q

pathway for stimulus to reach conscious perception

A

sensory receptor>afferent neuron>sensory ganglion>spinal cord>brain

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22
Q

threshold of conscious perception

A

minimum stimulus evoke enough APs for long enough that brain perceives stimulus

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23
Q

sclera

A

thick structural layer, white of the eye. doesn’t cover the cornea

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24
Q

choroidal vessels

A

blood vessels between sclera and terina

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25
Q

retina

A

actual photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical info

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26
Q

cornea

A

clear, domelike window infront of the eye, gathers and focuses light

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27
Q

anterior chamber

A

in front of the iris, behind cornea

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28
Q

posterior chamber

A

between iris and lens. produces aqeous humor

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29
Q

iris

A

2 muscles to control size of pupil: dilator pupillae, opens in sympathetic stimulation.
constrictor pupillae: constricts the pupil parasympathetic

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30
Q

choroid

A

continuous with iris

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31
Q

ciliary body

A

produces aqueous humor

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32
Q

aqueous humor

A

bathes front part of the eye

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33
Q

canal of schlemm

A

drains aqueous humor

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34
Q

lens

A

behind the iris, helps control the refraction of incoming light

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35
Q

ciliary muscle

A

part of ciliary body, contracted in parasympathetic (changes shape of lens)

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36
Q

vitreous

A

transparent gel that supports the retina

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37
Q

retina

A

neural elements and blood vessels. converts photons to electrical signals. part of CNS
light to dark reception
color detection

38
Q

cones

A 
color vision, fine detals.
Short
Medium
Long wavelengths
3 types of cones
39
Q

rods

A

light and dark, signle pigment called rhodopsin

40
Q

macula

A

central section of retina, has many cones.

41
Q

fovea

A

centermost point of retina. only cones, visual acuity best at the fovea, and fovea is where sensitive in daylight

42
Q

blind spot

A

where optic nerve leaves the eye

43
Q

connection between rodes and cones and optic nerve

A

bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizonta cells, amacrine cells

44
Q

bipolar cells

A

connect with rods and cones, synapse with ganglion cells

45
Q

optic nerve

A

group of ganglion cells

46
Q

amacrine and horizontal cells

A

receive input from multiple retinal cells in same area before info passed onto ganglion cells

47
Q

visual pathways

A

physical anatomical connections between eyes and brains, and flow of visual info along those connections

48
Q

optic chiasm

A

fibers from nasal half of each retina ross paths. they carry temporal visual field from each eye. but the temporal fibers (carrying nasal visual field) don’t cross, so all fibers corresponding to left visual field from both eyes project into right side of brain. all fibers corresponding to right visual fields project into elft side of brain

49
Q

optic tracts

A

reorganized pathways after optic chiasm

50
Q

parallel processing

A

simultaneously analyze and combine info regarding color, shape, motion

51
Q

feature detection

A

correlate to parallel processing: visual pathways contain cells specialized in detection of either color, shape, or motion (cones for color)

52
Q

shape detecting cells

A

parcovellular cells: high color spatial resolution. but low temporal resolution

53
Q

motion detecting cells

A

magnocellular cells: high temporal resolution. but much of rich detail cannot be seen-low spatial resolution

54
Q

pupil

A

allows passage of light from anterior to posterior chamber

55
Q

light enters cornea to visual projection areas

A

cornea>pupil>lens>vitreous>retina (rods and cones>bipolar cells>ganglion cells)>optic nerve>optic chiasm>optic trac>LGN of thalamus>through parietal lobe>visual cortex (occiptal lobe)

56
Q

pinna or auricle

A

cartilaginous part of ear

57
Q

external auditory canal

A

sound waves go in here

58
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum: vibrates in phase with incoming sound waves

divides outer ear from middle ear

59
Q

ossicles

A

stapes, malleus, incus

60
Q

malleus

A

attached to tympanic membrane, acts on incus

61
Q

inus (anvil)

A

acts on stapes

62
Q

stapes

A

rests in oval window of cochlea, entrance to inner ear.

63
Q

Eustachian tube

A

middle ear connected to nasal cavity via this tube, equalizes pressure between middle ear and environment

64
Q

inner eaer

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canalas

65
Q

membranous labrynth

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, filled with fluid called endolymph

66
Q

perilymph

A

another fluid that the membranous labyrinth is suspended in

transmits vibrations from the outside world and cushions the inner ear structures

67
Q

cochlea

A

snail shaped, 3 parts called scalae

68
Q

organ of corti

A

middle scala, houses hearing apparatus, thousands of hair cells

69
Q

tectorial membrane

A

on top of organ of corti

70
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin, flexible, organ of corti rests on it

71
Q

vibrations in perilympth

A

transmitted to basilar membrane, move within cochlea, hair cells in organi of corti convert physical stimulus into electrcal siggnal

72
Q

vestibule

A

contains utricle and saccule, deals with linear acceleration

73
Q

semicicircular canals

A

sensitive to rotational acceleration

74
Q

tonotopically organized

A

high frequency pitch causes vibrations of basilar membrane near oal window
lower near apex

75
Q

olfactory chemoreceptors

A

in olfactory epithelium in upper parts of nasal cavity.chemical stimuli must bind to their respective chemoreceptors to cause a signal

76
Q

pheromones

A

secreted, can bond with chemoreceptors

77
Q

olfactory pathway

A

nasal passage>olfactory nerves>receptor cells activated>signal to olfactory bulb>olfactory track>limbic system

78
Q

taste chemoreceptors

A

dissolved compounds

79
Q

somatosensation

A

pressure, vibration, pain, temperature

80
Q

somatosensory coretx

A

in parietal lobe

81
Q

two-point threshold

A

minimum distance necssary betwen two points of stimulation to be felt as distinct

82
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

83
Q

propioception

A

where body is in space, also called kinesthetic sense

84
Q

perceptual organization

A

use both bottom up and top down processsing to create a complete picture

85
Q

Gestalt principles

A

way for the brain to infer missing parts

86
Q

law of proximity

A

elements close to another are a unit

87
Q

law of similarity

A

grouped together

88
Q

good continuation

A

follow same pathway to be grouped together

89
Q

subjective contours

A

shapes that arent present in stimulus

90
Q

law of closure

A

space enclosed by a contour is a complete figure

MCAT Psych (4 decks)

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