Sensation and perception

Question 1

bottom-up processing

Answer 1

based off external sensory, builds perception, processing basic elements

Question 2

top-down processing

Answer 2

based off internal prior expierence, expierences used to fill in gaps

Question 3

Absoulute threshold

Answer 3

min. amount of stimulation needed to produce sensory

Question 4

explain transduction

Answer 4

The brain translating things into neural message. signs travel from receptors to the thalamus to sensory processing parts of the brain.

Question 5

singal deteciton theory

Answer 5

our expierences, motivation, and alertness predict when we will detect weak signals.

Question 6

Webbers Law

Answer 6

Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum % ex. to the notice the diffrence on a 10 pound weight you only need to add 1 but on a 50 pound weight oyu would need to add 5. The biger the number the bigger the %

Question 7

JND / Diffrence Threshold

Answer 7

the smallest diffrence between two stimuli

Question 8

The physical properties of light waves

Answer 8

Wavelength: Hue , diffrence between both tops and bottoms of the wave
Amplitude: Brightness, height of the wave.

Question 9

the physical properties of sound waves

Answer 9

Frequency: Pitch, diffrence between both tops and bottoms of the wave
amplitude: loudness, height of the wave

Question 10

Conduction hearing loss and possible causes of it

Answer 10

Less common damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the choclea. Ear wax, foreign object, infection, tumors

Question 11

Sensorineural hearing loss and possible causes of it

Answer 11

Damage to Choclear receptor cells or to auditory nerve. Aging, loud noises, injury, disease, medications, malformation.

Question 12

Frequency theory (pitch perception)

Answer 12

determines pitch off rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve. (low tones)

Question 13

Place theory (pitch perception)

Answer 13

Diffrent sound waves trigger diffrent parts in the basilar membrane (high pitch)

Question 14

Volley theory (pitch perception)

Answer 14

Neurons fire in rapid succesion to achieve combined frequency (high pitch)

Question 15

Kinesthesis

Answer 15

Body position/ Movement. Receptors on muscle, tendon, and joints. These are known as proprioceptors, help coordinaiton and interacts with vision.

Question 16

Vestibular sense

Answer 16

Balance and Spatial orientation. Semicircular canals/ Vestibular sacs located in the ears (the crystals) they detect changes in head position and movement helping maintain stability.

Question 17

Gate control theory

Answer 17

Pain travels on small fibers down the spinal chords neurological gate, large fiber activity can close the gate. Phantom limb when the brain misinterprets C.N.S activity.

Question 18

Sensory interaction

Answer 18

Different senses come together to enhance our perception. EX: very chocolate cake, the smells might enhance the taste of it.

Question 19

Sensory adaptation

Answer 19

Adapting to different stimulus overtime so as to not be stimulated. Ex: Movign to your dorm and it has a weird stentch but overtime you adapt to it

Question 20

Where does trasnduction take place in all of your sense

Answer 20

Taste: Bumps on your tongue, taste buds inside, gustatory cells inside
Touch: Noicereceptors in the skin
Smell: olfactory receptors in the upper nasal passage
Sight: Retina photoreceptors
Hearing: Choclea

Question 21

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic

Answer 21

The retina contains 3 types of color receptors (Red, Blue, Green)

Question 22

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 22

Color is processed in pairs because of bipolar cells, explanation of after images

Question 23

Function of Rods and Cones and where they are located

Answer 23

Rods: On the outer regions of the retina, detect light and peripheral motion
Cones: Color vision they detect light waves as blue red or green in the center of the retina (Favea)

Question 24

Most common form of color deffiency

Answer 24

Lack of functioning red or green sensative cones

Question 25

Selective attention

Answer 25

Focussing awareness on particular stimulus

Question 26

Cocktail Party effect

Answer 26

The ability to hone in on one voice in the midst of many

Question 27

Innattentional Blindness

Answer 27

Failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object cause your focus is elsewhere Ex: The monkey suit in the back

Question 28

Change blindness

Answer 28

When a. change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by an observer because their attention is not directed toward the area of change Ex: Look for the differences , and the video where the white sheet moves and people switch

Question 29

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 29

Ilussion when two or more stimulting lights are turned on and off in succession, creating the perception of motion Ex. And arrow of flashing light looks like its moving

Question 30

Stroboscopic motion

Answer 30

The perception of motion that occurs when a series of images or frames are shown in rapid succession ex: a flip book looks like its moving

Question 31

Difference between Phi Phenomenon and Stroboscopic Motion

Answer 31

PP has to do with flashing lights and SM has to do with images

Question 32

Figure ground

Answer 32

our brain splits things into figure / main object of focus and ground (the background) Ex. The vase / faces

Question 33

Closure

Answer 33

Brain fills in blanks to complete images. Ex: Circle with small fragments missing will still proceed as cirlce

Question 34

Similarity

Answer 34

HOw we tend to group items together

Question 35

Proximity

Answer 35

How we group items together based on how close they are to eachother

Question 36

Linear perspective (Monocular)

Answer 36

Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede in the distance

Question 37

Relative size (Monocular)

Answer 37

Two objects known to be similar size, Smaller = firther

Question 38

Convergence (Binocular)

Answer 38

As an object moves closer our eyes turn inward to focus on it

Question 39

Retinal Disparity (Binocular)

Answer 39

Determining depth based on the diff. between each eyes sees

Question 40

Perceptual constancies

Answer 40

sitmuli stays the same even when the image of the object in the visual field.

Question 41

Why dont we notice our blind spots?

Answer 41

Because of Brain fills in the gaps.

Question 42

what is perceptual set

Answer 42

The tendency to perceive things in a certain way based on expectations, experiences, and context. when reading typos we might look over errors.

Question 43

Descirbe the visua cliff and what is tested

Answer 43

It was an experiment tested on babies to see if they perceive depth or not. even when coaxed they didn’t want to go on the glass.

Question 44

what is percptual adaptation

Answer 44

The brains ability to adjust to changes in the environment and allowed sensory inputs.