Sensation and perception Flashcards
bottom-up processing
based off external sensory, builds perception, processing basic elements
top-down processing
based off internal prior expierence, expierences used to fill in gaps
Absoulute threshold
min. amount of stimulation needed to produce sensory
explain transduction
The brain translating things into neural message. signs travel from receptors to the thalamus to sensory processing parts of the brain.
singal deteciton theory
our expierences, motivation, and alertness predict when we will detect weak signals.
Webbers Law
Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum % ex. to the notice the diffrence on a 10 pound weight you only need to add 1 but on a 50 pound weight oyu would need to add 5. The biger the number the bigger the %
JND / Diffrence Threshold
the smallest diffrence between two stimuli
The physical properties of light waves
Wavelength: Hue , diffrence between both tops and bottoms of the wave
Amplitude: Brightness, height of the wave.
the physical properties of sound waves
Frequency: Pitch, diffrence between both tops and bottoms of the wave
amplitude: loudness, height of the wave
Conduction hearing loss and possible causes of it
Less common damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the choclea. Ear wax, foreign object, infection, tumors
Sensorineural hearing loss and possible causes of it
Damage to Choclear receptor cells or to auditory nerve. Aging, loud noises, injury, disease, medications, malformation.
Frequency theory (pitch perception)
determines pitch off rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve. (low tones)
Place theory (pitch perception)
Diffrent sound waves trigger diffrent parts in the basilar membrane (high pitch)
Volley theory (pitch perception)
Neurons fire in rapid succesion to achieve combined frequency (high pitch)
Kinesthesis
Body position/ Movement. Receptors on muscle, tendon, and joints. These are known as proprioceptors, help coordinaiton and interacts with vision.
Vestibular sense
Balance and Spatial orientation. Semicircular canals/ Vestibular sacs located in the ears (the crystals) they detect changes in head position and movement helping maintain stability.
Gate control theory
Pain travels on small fibers down the spinal chords neurological gate, large fiber activity can close the gate. Phantom limb when the brain misinterprets C.N.S activity.
Sensory interaction
Different senses come together to enhance our perception. EX: very chocolate cake, the smells might enhance the taste of it.
Sensory adaptation
Adapting to different stimulus overtime so as to not be stimulated. Ex: Movign to your dorm and it has a weird stentch but overtime you adapt to it
Where does trasnduction take place in all of your sense
Taste: Bumps on your tongue, taste buds inside, gustatory cells inside
Touch: Noicereceptors in the skin
Smell: olfactory receptors in the upper nasal passage
Sight: Retina photoreceptors
Hearing: Choclea
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic
The retina contains 3 types of color receptors (Red, Blue, Green)
Opponent-Process Theory
Color is processed in pairs because of bipolar cells, explanation of after images
Function of Rods and Cones and where they are located
Rods: On the outer regions of the retina, detect light and peripheral motion
Cones: Color vision they detect light waves as blue red or green in the center of the retina (Favea)
Most common form of color deffiency
Lack of functioning red or green sensative cones
Selective attention
Focussing awareness on particular stimulus
Cocktail Party effect
The ability to hone in on one voice in the midst of many
Innattentional Blindness
Failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object cause your focus is elsewhere Ex: The monkey suit in the back
Change blindness
When a. change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by an observer because their attention is not directed toward the area of change Ex: Look for the differences , and the video where the white sheet moves and people switch
Phi Phenomenon
Ilussion when two or more stimulting lights are turned on and off in succession, creating the perception of motion Ex. And arrow of flashing light looks like its moving
Stroboscopic motion
The perception of motion that occurs when a series of images or frames are shown in rapid succession ex: a flip book looks like its moving
Difference between Phi Phenomenon and Stroboscopic Motion
PP has to do with flashing lights and SM has to do with images
Figure ground
our brain splits things into figure / main object of focus and ground (the background) Ex. The vase / faces
Closure
Brain fills in blanks to complete images. Ex: Circle with small fragments missing will still proceed as cirlce
Similarity
HOw we tend to group items together
Proximity
How we group items together based on how close they are to eachother
Linear perspective (Monocular)
Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede in the distance
Relative size (Monocular)
Two objects known to be similar size, Smaller = firther
Convergence (Binocular)
As an object moves closer our eyes turn inward to focus on it
Retinal Disparity (Binocular)
Determining depth based on the diff. between each eyes sees
Perceptual constancies
sitmuli stays the same even when the image of the object in the visual field.
Why dont we notice our blind spots?
Because of Brain fills in the gaps.
what is perceptual set
The tendency to perceive things in a certain way based on expectations, experiences, and context. when reading typos we might look over errors.
Descirbe the visua cliff and what is tested
It was an experiment tested on babies to see if they perceive depth or not. even when coaxed they didn’t want to go on the glass.
what is percptual adaptation
The brains ability to adjust to changes in the environment and allowed sensory inputs.
