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MBB1 > sensation and perception > Flashcards

sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

define attention

A

the ability to preferentially process some parts of a stimulus at the expense of processing other stimuli

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2
Q

what are the eye movements between fixations called

A

saccades

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3
Q

what is attentional capture

A

how you first fixate on notable or important parts of a scene (scalience)

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4
Q

what directs attnetion

A

initially salience, but then our expectations and goals

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5
Q

what is the binding probelm

A

the issue of how an objects individual features, such as a colour and shape, are combined to create a coherent percept

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6
Q

what does feature integration theory state

A

the binding problem is solved by attending to only one location in a scene at a time

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7
Q

what is an illusory conjuction

A

where the features of 2 objects are incorrectly bound into one object

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8
Q

what is Balint’s syndrome

A

a condition resulting from damage to the parietal lobe, leading to a difficulty in focussing attention on a single object

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9
Q

what is a conjuction search

A

when the target object differs from its distractors only by its particular combination of features, not the individual features themselves - attention needs to be applied to each object in turn to determine whether the attended object is the target

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10
Q

what is structuralism

A

a theory proposed by Edward Titchener, claiming that sensations and perceptions are distinguished, and that sensations bind to form perceptions

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11
Q

what is gestaltism

A

the theory that conscious awareness can have characteristics not present in any of the elementary sensations (we can make stuff up)

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12
Q

two pieces of evidence for gestaltism

A

apparent motion (where two stationary dots in different positions alternatively flashed appear to be moving) as the observers doesnt actually see the objects moving - they just perceive this. Illusory contours (contours seen in placed where there are actually no physical contours) as the observers fills in the gaps themselves

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13
Q

what are 7 principles that govern grouping

A

good continuation (aligned contours are grouped), pragnaz (meaning “good figure”. Groupings occur to make the resultant figure as simple as possible). Similarity (the more similar objects are, the more likely to be grouped together). Proximity, (the closer objects are, the more likely they will be grouped). Common fate (things that are moving in the same way are grouped together). Common region (elements within the same region of space tend to group together). Uniform connectedness (connected regions with the same visual characteristics tend to group together)

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14
Q

4 principles that allow the figure of a scene to be percieved)

A

if the object is in front of the rest of the image , at the bottom of the image, convex or recognisable (based on expectations of what we think something should look like)

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15
Q

how much time must a scene be presented to get a gist of the scene

A

around 27ms. with 250 ms required for accurate perception

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16
Q

what part of the brain is associated with perceiving motion

A

the medial temporal area

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17
Q

what is akinetopsia

A

a condition, resulting from disease or trauma to the middle temporal lobe, causing difficulty perceiving motion

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18
Q

what are motion aftereffects

A

our photoreceptors can habituate to an image of constant motion so that when this stops, we may continue to perceive some form of motion

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19
Q

what is induced motion

A

when a moving background causes a stationary object to appear to move

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20
Q

the aperture problem?

A

when a moving object is partially obscured (viewed through an aperture), this can change how its motion is perceived

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21
Q

what is visible light

A

electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm

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22
Q

what is the colour white

A

a mixture of all the wavelengths of the visible spectrum

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23
Q

what are the 2 photoreceptors found on the retina

A

rods and cones

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24
Q

difference between rods and cones

A

rods cannot distinguish between colours and are only active at low light levels, while cones are active in normal light conditions and can perceive between colours

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25
Q

what are the 3 types of cones and what do they see

A

s cones (small) - blue, m cones (medium) - green and L cones (large) - red

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26
Q

what happens when an optimal wavelength is received by a cone

A

it becomes “excited”, and fires electrical signals called spikes up the optic nerve

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27
Q

what are metamers

A

objects that are made up of physically different wavelengths but appear to have the same colour

28
Q

what is monochromatism

A

where a person has no functioning cones and therefore are truly colour blind (only able to see black and white). They are also very sensitive to light

29
Q

what is dichromatism

A

where a person is lacking one of the three types of cones

30
Q

what is unilateral dichromatism

A

where a person has normal trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other

31
Q

if you were to mix red and green light what would you get

A

yellow

32
Q

if you were to mix blue and yellow light?

A

white light, as it is light that contains blue, red and green

33
Q

what do protanopes lack

A

l cones

34
Q

what do deuteranopes lack

A

m cones

35
Q

what do tritanopes lack

A

s cones

36
Q

what are the three colour opponent channels

A

red-green, yellow-blue and white-black

37
Q

evidence for colour opponent channels

A

afterimages - when viewing a stimulus of one colour, the opponent colour percept will be supressed, however, our cones will habituate to this constant colour and become less sensitive to the stimulus. Therefore when a white stimulus is then shown, the opponent cones will respond more strongly (as they have not habituated) and you will therefore perceive this colour)
the fact that some colour combinations are impossible ( you cant perceive a redish green or a blueish yellow

38
Q

what is colour constancy

A

the fact that we can perceive the colour of an object, even if it is only being shown under one wavelength of light, and therefore reflecting this light. eg. a green sweater under red light will only reflect red light, but still appear green

38
Q

what is colour constancy

A

the fact that we can perceive the colour of an object, even if it is only being shown under one wavelength of light, and therefore reflecting this light. eg. a green sweater under red light will only reflect red light, but still appear green

39
Q

how is colour constancy acheived

A

if an entire scene is under one colour of light eg. red, we habituate to this colour so that everything will appear greener or bluer than it otherwise would. We can also discount the illuminant, meaning that our brain can lear to determine, for example, that an object in a yellow scene that appears grey must actually be blue.

40
Q

3 types of depth perception cues

A

oculormotor (the ability to sense the state and position of our eyes), monocular (one eye) and binocular (both eyes)

41
Q

what are the 2 main oculomotor cues

A

binocular convergence and accomodation

42
Q

what is binocular convergence

A

when an object is close, our eyes will converge to see it. The body can use the distance between the lines of sight of our eyes to determine the distance of the object.

43
Q

what is accomodation

A

our lens changes to look at objects of different distances. A thinner lends is better able to see objects far away while a thick lens is used for closer objects. Our brain use this change in lens shape to determine distance

44
Q

what are the 3 main monocular cues

A

pictorial, accomodation and motion based cues

45
Q

what are the 7 pictorial cues

A

occlusion (if something is behind another object than it must be further away), relative height (a subject that is higher up in a scene appears further away), relative size, perspective convergence (2 parallel lines that appear to be converging indicate that they are getting further away), atmospheric perspective (as an object gets further way, the intensity of colour fades and there is less contrast between light and dark colours) , texture gradient (closer objects appear more detailed) and shadows

46
Q

2 motion based cues (monocular)

A

deletion and accretion (when moving, objects will disappear behind others and then reappear, indicating that they are further away) and motion parallax (objects that are closer will appear to move faster than those that are further away)

47
Q

what is retinal disparity

A

a binocular cue, the relative position between 2 objects on the retinal image, and the difference between these in each eye

48
Q

what is the correspondence problem

A

if there are multiple identical objects in a scene, it can be hard to figure out which images in the left image should be associated with which images in the right - the correspondence problem

49
Q

what 2 factors determine the percieved size of an object

A

angular size (on the retina) and its perceived depth

50
Q

what did Holway and Boring investigate in 1941

A

they determined how depth cues influence size judgement. An observer would sit at the intersection of 2 corridors containing a circle at the end of each and with a range of provided depth cues (binocular disparity, motion parallax and shadows), were made to estimate the size of the object - there more depth cues, the more accurate their guesses

51
Q

what is the ames room

A

a room where the design of the back wall interferes with the observers depth perception, making it seem like a straight wall. Therefore when 2 people are standing in 2 different corners of the room, their distance from the observer, and therefore size, is perceived wrong.

52
Q

what does sound mean

A

can refer to both the physical phenomenon (pressure waves) and the perceptual phenomenon of actually hearing this sound

53
Q

what is a pure tone

A

when the change in air pressure occurs in the shape of a sine wave

54
Q

what causes a higher pitch (for pure tones)

A

a higher frequency of the wave

55
Q

what does hertz mean

A

the amount of oscillations (periods/repeats) per second

56
Q

what affects the loundness of a sound

A

amplitude of the waves

57
Q

what is amplitude measured in

A

decibels

58
Q

what is a complex tone

A

the addition of 2 or more pure tones to form a non-sine graph

59
Q

what is perceptual loudness measured in

A

phons

60
Q

what determines the pitch of a complex tone

A

the fundamental frequency (if a tone is composed of 3 tones, 200 400 and 600, the fundamental frequency is 200 as all the other frequencies are multiples of 200). Even if the fundamental tone itself is absent, the tone will sound like the fundamental frequency as all the other harmonics are multiples

61
Q

what is timbre

A

the difference between the sounds of 2 sounds at the same pitch (a piano and guitar playing the same note will sound different). This occurs because while they may play the same fundamental frequency, they will play different harmonics of this frequency

62
Q

what does it mean if 2 pitches have the same chroma

A

correspond to the same letter note - multiples of the same frequency

63
Q

what are sound wave forms that dont repeat called

A

aperiodic

64
Q

2 main dypes of auditory localisation cues

A

binaural (one ear) and monaural (both ears)

65
Q

2 binaural cues

A

inter-aural time difference (a sound coming from the left will reach the left ear first) and inter-aural level difference (a sound coming from the left will be louder in the left ear than the right)

66
Q

4 factors that determine the quality of architectural acoustics

A

reverberation time (the time it takes for a sound to decrease by 60 dB), intimacy time (the difference between when the direct sound arrives and the first indirect sound arrives), bass ratio (the ratio of low frequencies to middle/high frequencies) and spaciousness factor (the ratio of indirect sound to total sound)

MBB1 (3 decks)

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