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MBB1 > behavioural neuroscience > Flashcards

behavioural neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

what did many ancient cultures beleive about the mind

A

the heart was the seat of the mind

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2
Q

what did Hippocrates propose

A

the first to suggest that the brain controls the body

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3
Q

what did descartes state

A

formulated the mind-body problem and discussed the interactions between mental and physical. believed that behaviour is driven by a system of fluid and pistons

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4
Q

what did galvani suggest

A

the first to suggest that nerve signals are electrical, not fluid, and rejected the idea that animal spirits flowed through hollow nerves (which was a common view held at the time). Discovered this by applying an electrical charge to a frogs leg.

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5
Q

what did franz joseph gall do

A

influenced physiognomy, which is the practice of arrtibuting characteristics to facial features - phrenology (studying bumps on the head). While his methods were flawed, he introduced the notion of “cortical localisation of function”

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6
Q

What did Paul Broca do

A

first solid evidence of brain modularity (the notion that brain networks are divided into modules that execute discrete cognitive functions), demonstrated in patients that were unable to speak after damage to the left frontal lobe (now known as brocas area), but still had normal language comprehension

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7
Q

what did carl wernicke do

A

described a patient that was unable to comprehend speech but had normal hearing and language production with damage to the posterior area of the left superior temporal gyrus

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8
Q

what is the PNS divided into

A

somatic and autonomic systems

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9
Q

what is the enteric NS

A

controls digestion, has its own reflexes and senses and can act independently of the brain

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10
Q

what does ipsilateral mean

A

on the same side of the midline

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11
Q

what does contralateral mean

A

on the opposite side of the midline

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12
Q

what and where is the corpus callosum

A

the lunge bundle of axons/neural fibres that connect the 2 hemispheres of the brain,

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13
Q

what are homotopic fibres

A

firbres that connect complementary regions of the hemispheres

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14
Q

what are heterotopic fibres

A

fibres that connect to different brain regions

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15
Q

what is a callosotomy

A

a procedure that involves cutting the corpus collosum to stop extreme epileptic seizures

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16
Q

what is the forebrain split into

A

the telencephalon and diencephalon

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17
Q

the mid brain is also known as

A

the mesencephalon

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18
Q

the hind brain is split into the

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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19
Q

what are the groves/rises of the cerebral cotex called

A

groves - sulci, rises - gyri

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20
Q

role of basal ganglia

A

controlled involuntary movement and highly automised movement such as walking

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21
Q

what is the limbic system

A

describes the emotion circuit in the brain, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala and some nuclei of the basal ganglia

22
Q

role of the thalamus

A

major relay station for sensory inputs to the cerebral cortex

23
Q

role of the hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine, regulates survival behaviours such as fighting, feeding, flighting and mating)

24
Q

role of the mesencephalon

A

the midbrain, connects the pons and cerebellum with the forebrain. also plays an important role in motor movement, particularly that of the eyes.

25
Q

role of the pons

A

regulates sleep and arousal

26
Q

role of cerebellum

A

receives information from visual, auditory, somatosensory and vestibular systems to help coordinate movement, particular automised movements like balance and walking

27
Q

role of the myelencephalon

A

also know as the medulla, which links the hindbrain to the spinal chord and contains neurons important for autonomic functions like respiration and heart rate

28
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

parietal, temporal, occipital and frontal

29
Q

what is orientation selectivity

A

certain neurons will fire more to visual stimuli at particular orientations

30
Q

where os the primary visual cortex located

A

the medial and lateral parts of the occipital cortex/lobe

31
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex located

A

within the superior part of the temporal cortex, as well a patch that is buried within the sylvian fissue

32
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

A

immediately posterior to the central sulcus (the large groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes

33
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located

A

on the precentral gyrus (immediately anterior to the central sulcus)

34
Q

role of frontal lobe

A

“higher order” functions such as voluntary controlled behaviour, impulse control, emotional regulation, abstract reasoning and planning, social cognition and language

35
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a neuron

A

-70 mv

36
Q

what is the threshold for an action potential

A
  • 50 mv
37
Q

what is neural integration

A

the combined effect of EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) and IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)

38
Q

strengths of EEG

A

good temporal resolution (can distinguish between brief events in time), relatively cheap, portable and possible to record EEG while people are moving around, safe and well tolerated by participants

39
Q

limitations of EEG

A

poor spatial resolution (determining which specific regions activity is occuring in), typically only detects activity on the surface of the cortex

40
Q

strengths of neurophysiology methods (where micro-electrodes are placed into the brain to detect electrical activity)

A

data is collected form individual neurons, so useful if you want to know exactly what the neuron is doing

41
Q

limitations of neurophysiology methods

A

can be invasive (and therefore risky!) and cant investigate the network activity of multiple neurons

42
Q

strengths of MRI

A

high spatial resolution, identifying exactly where in the brain different structures are, also valuable as it can identify specific anatomical regions of the brain

43
Q

limitations of MRI

A

expensive, large equipment that requires a specialist facility, some safety risks associated with such a large magnet, required specialist staff with radiography training

44
Q

what is DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)

A

tehcnology that uses the same MRI technology to detect the large axon tracts (white matter) that flow through, and connect, different regions of the cortex

45
Q

what does fMRI detect

A

it detects the presence deoxygenated blood

46
Q

strengths of PET (positron emissions tomography)

A

it can detect different chemicals in the brain associated with either metabolism or neurotransmitter/protein levels

47
Q

limitations of PET

A

expensive, requires specialist facilities and staff, relatively low spatial resolution compared to MRI, requires radioactive tracers

48
Q

what are ablation studies

A

involve removing or inactivating a part of the brain and seeing its effect

49
Q

what did Egas Moniz introduce

A

prefrontal leucotomy/ lobotomy

50
Q

what is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a noninvasive electrical brain stimulation that can be used to treat severe depression

51
Q

where does neurogenesis occur the most

A

in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb (involved in the detection of smell)

52
Q

three components of an emotional response

A

behavioural, autonomic, hormonal

MBB1 (3 decks)

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