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Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Process of detecting external events with sense organs and turning those stimuli into neural signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

Involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Specialized receptors transform the physical energy of the outside world into neural impulses

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4
Q

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

A

The different sense are separated in the brain

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5
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of energy or quantity of a stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

The smallest difference between stimuli that can be reliably detected at least 50% of the time

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8
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The just noticeable difference between 2 stimulus changes as a proportion of these stimuli

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9
Q

Signal detection theory

A

States whether a stimulus is perceived depends on both the sensory experience and the judgment made by the subject

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10
Q

Priming

A

Under strict laboratory conditions

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11
Q

Top-down processing

A

When our perceptions are influenced by our expectations or by our prior knowledge

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12
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

occurs when we perceive individuals bits of sensory information and use them to construct a more complex perception

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13
Q

Divided attention

A

Paying attention to more than one stimulus or task at the same time

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14
Q

Selective attention

A

involves focusing on one particular event or task

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15
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because attention is directed elsewhere

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16
Q

Sclera

A

White outer surface of the eye

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17
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer that covers the front portion of the eye and also contributes to the eyes ability to focus

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18
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters by changing its size dilated and constricts

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19
Q

Iris

A

A round muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil gives the eye their characteristic colour

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20
Q

Lens

A

Clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye

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21
Q

Retina

A

Lines the inner surface of the back of the eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to the properties of light to the brain

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22
Q

Optic nerve

A

Dense bundle of fibres that connect to the brain

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23
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors that occupy peripheral regions of the retina highly sensitive under low light levels

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24
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors that are sensitive to the different wavelengths of light that we perceive as colour

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25
Q

Fovea

A

Central region of the retina

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26
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Process of which the rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination

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27
Q

Trichromatic theory (Young-helmholtz theory)

A

Colour vision is determined by 3 different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium and long wavelengths of light.

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28
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

We perceive colours in terms of opposing pairs: Red to Green, Yellow to Blue, White to Black

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29
Q

Colour blindness

A

Most forms affect ability to distinguish red and green

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30
Q

Nearsightedness

A

eyeball is slightly elongated. Can see objects close up but have difficulty focusing on distance objects

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31
Q

Farsightedness

A

Image is focused behind the retina can see distant objects clearly but not close by

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32
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Optic nerves cross at the midline of the brain

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33
Q

Feature detection cells

A

Respond selectively to simple and specific aspects of a stimulus such as angles and edges

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34
Q

Ventral stream

A

extends from the visual cortex to the lower part of the temporal lobe

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35
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe

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36
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Able to recognize voices and other defining features of individuals but not faces

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37
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes

38
Q

Convergence

A

Occurs when the eyes muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object

39
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes which provides information to the brain about depth

40
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye

41
Q

Pitch

A

The perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies

42
Q

Pinna

A

Outer region of ear, helps channel sound waves to the ear and allows to determine source or location

43
Q

Auditory canal

A

Extends from pinna to the eardrum sound waves reaching the eardrum cause it to vibrate

44
Q

Ossicles

A

3 tiny moveable bones
Malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

45
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid-filled membrane that is coiled in a snake-filled shaped and contains the structures that convert sound into neural impulses

46
Q

Sound localization

A

Process of identifying where sound comes from inferior colliculus

47
Q

Place theory of hearing

A

How we perceive pitch is based on the location along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates

48
Q

Frequency theory

A

The perception of pitch is related to the frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates

49
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

A major perceptual centre of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear

50
Q

Secondary auditory cortex

A

Helps interpret complex sounds those found in speech and music

51
Q

Vestibular system

A

A sensory system in the ear that provides information about spatial information of the head as well as head motion

52
Q

Vestibular sacs

A

Structures that influence your ability to detect when your head is no longer in an upright position

53
Q

Semicircular canals

A

3 fluid-filled canals found in the inner ear that respond when your head moves in different directions

54
Q

Haptics

A

The active explanatory aspect of touch sensation and perception

55
Q

Kinaesthesia

A

Sense of bodily motion and position

56
Q

Nocieption

A

The activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation

57
Q

Gate-control theory

A

Explains our experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit these messages

58
Q

Phantom limb sensations

A

Frequently experienced by amputees who report pain and other sensations coming from the absent limb

59
Q

Gustatory system

A

Functions in the sensation and perception of taste

60
Q

Olfactory system

A

involved in smell-the detection of airborne particles with specialized receptors located in the nose

61
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

A thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia

62
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Serve’s the brains central region for processing smells

63
Q

Multimodal integration

A

The ability to combine sensation from different modalities such as vision and hearing into a single integrated perception

64
Q

Concept

A

The mental representation of an object event or idea

65
Q

Categories

A

clusters of interlaced concepts

66
Q

Rule-based categorization

A

Categorizing objects or events according to a certain set of rules or by a specific set of features

67
Q

Graded membership

A

The observation that some concepts appear to make better category members than others

68
Q

Exempler

A

A specific example that best represents a category

69
Q

Prototype

A

A mental representation of an average category member

70
Q

Semantic network

A

Interconnected set of nodes (or concepts) and the links that join them to form a category

71
Q

Problem solving

A

Accomplishing a goal when the solution or path to the solution is not dear

72
Q

Heuristics

A

Problem-solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess to what is most likely the solution

73
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Occurs when an individual identifies an object or technique that could potentially solve a problem. But can think of only its most obvious function

74
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

Reflects the mistaken belief that finding a specific member in two overlapping categories is more likely than finding any member of one of the larger, general categories

75
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Making judgments of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category

76
Q

Availability heuristic

A

entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind

77
Q

Anchoring effect

A

Occurs when an individual attempts to solve a problem involving numbers and uses previous knowledge to keep the response within a limited range

78
Q

Belief perseverance

A

When an individual remains committed to their decision or belief even in the face of evidence against it

79
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

When an individual searches for only evidence that will confirm his or her beliefs instead of evidence that might disconfirm them

80
Q

Aphasia

A

A language disorder caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and understanding language

81
Q

Broca’s area

A

Region of the left frontal lobe that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words

82
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

The area of the brain most associated with finding the meaning of words

83
Q

language

A

Form of communication that involves the use of spoken written or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form

84
Q

Phoneme’s

A

Are the most basic of units of speech sounds

85
Q

Morpheme’s

A

Are the smallest meaningful units of a language

86
Q

Semantic’s

A

The study of how people come to understand meaning from words

87
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences

88
Q

Pragmatic’s

A

The study of nonlinguistic elements of language use

89
Q

Fast mapping

A

The ability to map words onto concepts or objects after only a single exposure

90
Q

cross-fostered

A

Raised a member of a family that was not of the same species

Psychology (3 decks)

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