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Behavioural Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Genes

A

The basic units of heredity. creating the proteins that make up our physical structures

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2
Q

DNA

A

molecule formed in a double-helix shape that contains four nucleotides, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine

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3
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism. the unique set of genes that compromise that individuals genetic code

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

physical traits and behavioural characteristics that show genetic variation

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures in the cellular nucleus that are lined with all of the genes an individual inherits

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

2 Corresponding genes at a given location on a pair of chromosomes are the same

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7
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 corresponding genes at a given location on a pair of chromosomes differ

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8
Q

Behavioural genomics

A

The study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to behaviour

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9
Q

Human Genome Project

A

massive effort to identify the components of the entire human genome

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10
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

study of how genes and the environment influence behaviour

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11
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

come from a single egg which makes them genetically identical

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12
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

2 separate eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm cells that share the same womb

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13
Q

Heritability

A

statistic expressed as a number between 0 and 1. represents the degree to which genetic differences between individuals

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14
Q

Epigenetics

A

changes in gene expression that occur as a result on experience and that do not alter the genetic code

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15
Q

CRISPR-cas9

A

technique that allows genetic material to be removed added or altered in specific locations of the genome

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16
Q

Natural selection

A

favourable traits become increasingly common in a population of interbreeding, individuals while traits that are unfavourable less common

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17
Q

Evolution

A

change in frequency of genes occurring in an interbreeding population over generations

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18
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

attempts to explain human behaviours based on the beneficial functions they may have served in our species development

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19
Q

Hunter-Gatherer theory

A

links performance on specific tasks to the different roles performed by males and females over the course of our evolutionary history

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20
Q

Neurons

A

one of the major types of cells found in the nervous system that are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body

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21
Q

cell body (soma)

A

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus that houses the cells genetic material

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

small branches radiating from the cell body that receive messages from other cells and transmit those messages toward the rest of the cell

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23
Q

Axon

A

transports information in the form of electrochemical reactions from the cell body to the end of the neuron

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24
Q

Axon terminals

A

bulb-like extensions filled with vesicles

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25
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that function as messengers allowing neurons to communicate with each other

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26
Q

Gilial cells

A

involved in mounting immune responses in the brain, removing waste, and synchronizing the activity of the billions of neurons

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27
Q

Myelin

A

fatty sheath that insulates axons from one another resulting in increased speed and efficiency of neural communication

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28
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

immune system does not recognize myelin and attacks it. process that can devastate the structural and functional integrity of the nervous system

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29
Q

Resting potential

A

relatively stable state during which the cell is not transmitting messages

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30
Q

Ion Channels

A

small pores on the neurons cell membrane

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31
Q

Action potential

A

wave of electrical activity that originates at the beginning of the axon near the cell body and rapidly travels down its lengths

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32
Q

Refractory period

A

brief period in which a neuron cannot fire

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33
Q

synapse

A

area consisting of neurons, axon terminals and a different neurons dendrites

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34
Q

presynaptic cell

A

the neuron that releases its neurotransmitters into the synapse

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35
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

the neuron that receives neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell

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36
Q

all-or-none principle

A

Individual nerve cells fire at the same strength every time an action potential occurs

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37
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the minute space between the axon terminal and the dendrite

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38
Q

reputake

A

neurotransmitter molecules that have been released into the synapse and reabsorbed into the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron

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39
Q

Glutamate

A

most excitatory neurotransmitter in the brains or vertebrae

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40
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, prevents neurons from generating action potentials

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41
Q

Acetylcholine

A

one of the most widespread neurotransmitters within the body, found at the junctions between nerve cells and skeletal muscles a very important voluntary movement

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42
Q

Dopamine

A

A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in such varied functions as mood, control of voluntary movement and processing of rewarding experiences

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43
Q

Norepinephrine

A

monamine synthesized from dopamine molecules that is involved in regulating stress responses, including increasing arousal, attention and heart rate

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44
Q

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

A

hormone and neurotransmitter created in the adrenal gland on the kidneys

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45
Q

serotonin

A

monoamine involved in regulating mood, sleep agression and apetite

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46
Q

agonists

A

drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitters action

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47
Q

Antagonists

A

inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing synthesis of a neurotransmitter

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48
Q

hormones

A

chemicals secreted by the glands of the endocrine system

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49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a brain structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

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50
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system, produces hormones and sends commands about hormone production

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51
Q

Adrenal glands

A

pair of endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys that release stress hormones

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52
Q

endorphin

A

hormone produced by pituitary gland and hypothalamus. reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure

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53
Q

Testosterone

A

driving physical and sexual development over the long term

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54
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and the spinal cord

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55
Q

Brain

A

interprets and stores information, communicates with muscles, glands and organs

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56
Q

spinal cord

A

pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system

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57
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body. somatic and autonomic

58
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

nerves that control skeletal muscles. voluntary and reflexive movement

59
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

regulating the activity of organs and glands

60
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight responses. increased heart rate. prepare body for action

61
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

works to bring body back to non-emergency state

62
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

nearly symmetrical halves of the brain that contain the same structures

63
Q

Hindbrain

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

64
Q

Brainstem (medulla and pons)

A

breathing, heart rate, wakefulness

65
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, coordination, timing of movements attention and emotion

66
Q

Midbrain

A

Superior Colliculus, Inferior colliculus

67
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

orienting visual attention

68
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Orienting auditory attention

69
Q

Forebrain

A

Basal Ganglia, Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus

70
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Movement, reward processing

71
Q

Amygdala

A

emotion

72
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

73
Q

hypothalamus

A

temperature, regulation, motivation

74
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station

75
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

76
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

77
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory processing, bodily awareness

78
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, object recognition, language emotion

79
Q

frontal lobe

A

though, planning, language movement

80
Q

Reticular formation

A

involved with attention and alertness

81
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

conditioned marked by major impairments in voluntary movement

82
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

condition involving uncontrollable movements of the body, head and face

83
Q

tourettes syndrome

A

uncontrollable facial movements

84
Q

limbic system

A

integrated network involved in emotion and memory

85
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

capacity of the brain to change and rewire itself based on individual experience

86
Q

Trophic factors

A

can stimulate the growth of new dendrites and axons

87
Q

Lesioning

A

researchers intentionally damage an area in the brain

88
Q

sham group

A

animals that go through surgical procedures

89
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

electromagnetic pulse is delivered to a targeted region of the brain

90
Q

Structural imaging

A

produces images of the different structures of the brain

91
Q

computerized tomography (CT scan)

A

x-rays are sent through the brain by a tube that rotates around the head

92
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

clear images of the brain are created based on how different neural regions absorb and release energy

93
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

measure white-matter pathways in the brain

94
Q

Functional neuroimaging

A

which areas of the brain are active when a person performs a particular behaviour

95
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

low level of radioactive isotope is injected into the blood and movements of particular brain are measured

96
Q

Functional resonance magnetic imaging (fMRI)

A

measures brain activity by detecting the influx of oxygen-rich blood into neural areas that were just active

97
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behaviour processes

98
Q

polysomnography

A

set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

99
Q

REM sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement and rapid eye movement

100
Q

restore and repair hypothesis

A

idea the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the days activities

101
Q

preserve and protect hypothesis

A

preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm

102
Q

sleep deprivation

A

when an individual cannot or does not sleep

103
Q

sleep displacement

A

when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day

104
Q

jet lag

A

sleep cycles are out of place with light and darkness

105
Q

Manifest content

A

the images and storylines that we dream about

106
Q

Latent content

A

actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

107
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from pons

108
Q

problem-solving theory

A

thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping. Dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered when were awake

109
Q

insomnia

A

disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

110
Q

Nightmares

A

vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

111
Q

night terrors

A

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken an individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

112
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

a condition that does now show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep. appear to be acting out contents of their dream

113
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking involves wandering and performing others tasks while asleep

114
Q

sleep apnea

A

temporary inability to breath during sleep

115
Q

Narcolepsy

A

person experiences daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

116
Q

Hypnosis

A

a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility

117
Q

Ideomotor suggestions

A

related to specific actions that could be performed. such as adopting a specific position

118
Q

challenge suggestions

A

actions that are not performed. subject appears to lose ability to perform an action

119
Q

Cognitive-preceptual suggestions

A

subject remembering or forgetting specific information or experiencing altered perceptions such as reduced pain

120
Q

Dissociation theory

A

hypnosis a unique state in which consciousness is divided into 2 parts

121
Q

Lower-level system (hypnosis)

A

perception and movement

122
Q

Executive system (hypnosis)

A

evaluates and monitors behaviours

123
Q

social-cognitive theory

A

emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

124
Q

mind-wandering

A

unintentional redirection of attention from the current task to an unrelated train of thought

125
Q

default mode network

A

network of brain regions including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus,

126
Q

brain death

A

condition in which the brain including brainstem no longer functions

127
Q

coma

A

complete loss of consciousness

128
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

state of minimal to no consciousness. eyes may open

129
Q

minimally conscious state

A

ability to show some behaviours suggest at least partial consciousness

130
Q

locked-in syndrome

A

patient is aware and awake but inability to move their body

131
Q

tolerance

A

repeated use of a drug results in a need for higher dose

132
Q

physical dependence

A

need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

133
Q

psychological dependence

A

emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence

134
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception and emotion

135
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous system enhancing wakefulness and alertness

136
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A

produce perceptual distortions

137
Q

LSD

A

triggers unusual sensory experiences

138
Q

saliva divinorum

A

herb that grown in central and south America saliva increased short hallucinations

139
Q

opiates

A

drugs such as heroin and morphine reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria

140
Q

sedative drugs

A

depress activity of the central nervous system

Psychology (3 decks)

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