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Cardio-respiratory Studies 1 > Senario One - Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Senario One - Blood and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

List the three main functions of the blood

A

transport, protection, homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the blood responsible for transporting?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, lactic acid

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3
Q

How is the blood responsible for protection?

A

Providing the immune system and clotting to prevent blood loss

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4
Q

What is the role of the blood in homoeostasis

A

Controlling hormones, enzymes, PH and temperature

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5
Q

What are the main components of plasma and their percentages?

A

Protiens - 7% Water - 91.5% Other solutes - 1.5%

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6
Q

What are the main proteins found within the blood?

A

Albumins - 54% Globulins - 38% Fibrinogen - 7%

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7
Q

What solutes are found in plasma?

A

electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances and waste products

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8
Q

what is the purpose of water within the blood plasma?

A

absorbs, transports and releases heat solvent and suspending medium

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9
Q

what is the function of Albumins?

A

maintenance of osmotic balance and exchange of fluids across the capillary wall

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10
Q

what is the function of globulins?

A

produce immunoglobulins - for virus and bacteria defense produce alpha and beta globulins for transport of iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

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11
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen?

A

blood clotting

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12
Q

Main function of all plasma proteins?

A

colloid osmotic pressure contribute to blood viscosity transportation of hormones, fatty acids and calcium regulation of blood pH

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13
Q

what is the function of electrolytes?

A

maintain osmotic pressure, important in cell function

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14
Q

what is the function of nutrients

A

essential for cell function, growth and development

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15
Q

what gases are found within the blood plasma and what are their role?

A

oxygen - cell function carbon dioxide - blood pH nitrogen - no known funciton

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16
Q

what are the regulatory substances of blood plasma - and their function?

A

enzymes - catalyse chemical reactions hormones - regulate metabolism, growth and development vitamins - cofactors for enzyme reactions

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17
Q

what are the waste products found in the blood?

A

breakdowns from protein metabolism urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, bilirubin, ammonia

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18
Q

how many erythrocytes are there in normal circulation?

A

4.8-5.4 million/microlitre

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19
Q

what size are erythrocytes?

A

7-8 micrometers in diameter

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of an erythrocyte?

A

biconcave disc without nuclei strong and flexible plasma membrane lack mitochondria - so produce ATP anaerobically live for 120 days contains high [haemaglobin]

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21
Q

Function of erythrocytes?

A

haemoglobin within RBC transports oxygen and some Co2 in the blood

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22
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes and their common function?

A

neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes - B cells, T cells, NKCs Monocytes combat pathogens and other foreign substances that enter the body

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23
Q

How many leukocytes are there in the body?

A

5000-10000 per microlitre

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24
Q

how long to leukocytes live?

A

few hours to a few days

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25
Q

What is the size and structure of a neutrophil?

A

10-12 micrometres nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by thin strands of chromatin, finely granulated cytoplasm

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26
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis, destruction of bacteria with: - lysozyme - defensins - strong oxidants

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27
Q

what is the abundance of neutrophils in WBCs?

A

60-70%

28
Q

what is the size and structure of an eosinophil?

A

10-12 micrometres 2 lobes in the nucleus, connected by a thick strand of chromatin large granules within the cytoplasm

29
Q

what is the function of eosinophils?

A

combats the effect of histamine in allergic reactions phagocytose antigen-antibody complex destroy parasitic worms

30
Q

what is the abundance of eosinophils in WBCs?

A

2-4%

31
Q

what is the size and structure of basophils?

A

8-10 micrometres nucleus has 2 lobes large cytoplasmic granules

32
Q

what is the function of basophils?

A

liberate heparin, histamin and serotonin in allergic reactions to intensity inflammatory response change haemodynamics and recruit cells in inflammation

33
Q

what is the abundance of basophils in WBCs?

A

0.5-1%

34
Q

what is the structure of lymphocytes?

A

range from 6 - 14 micrometers (the small lymphocytes are the smallest blood cell) round or slightly indented nucleus cytoplasm forms a rim around the nucleus

35
Q

what is the main functions of lymphocytes?

A

mediation of immune response and antigen-antibody reactions

36
Q

what is the abundance of lymphocytes in WBCs?

A

20-25%

37
Q

what is the structure and size of monocytes?

A

12-20 micrometres - the largest kidney shaped nucleus and ‘foamy’ cytoplasm

38
Q

what is the function of a monocyte?

A

phagocytosis - after transforming into a macrophage when leaving the blood

39
Q

what is the abundance of monocytes in WBCs?

A

3-8%

40
Q

what are the 7 defence mechanisms of the non-specific immune response?

A

?skin mucous membranes reflexes - cough and sneeze natural killer cells phagocytes inflammation fever

41
Q

what is the role of the skin in non-specific resistance?

A

tightly packed cells prevent penetration waterproof produces acidic sebum, which bacteria are unable to survive in produces sweat containing lysozyme - breakdowns the proteins in the bacteria - unable to survive

42
Q

what is the role of the mucous membranes in non-specific response?

A

Hairs in upper tract and cilia in lower tract mechanical waft substances towards the exit mucus acts as sticky surface to trap foreign bodies secretions - tears and salvia - contain lyzozyme gastric juices - low pH 2 - bacteria can’t survive

43
Q

what is the role of reflexes in the non-specific response?

A

cough and sneeze - expel towards exit

44
Q

what is the role of NKCs in the non-specific response?

A

attack abnormal body cells non-specifically spray the abnormal cell with poison - usually some healthy cells die in the process deficient in cancer patients so abnormal cells can poliferate

45
Q

what is the role of phagocytes in the non-specific response?

A

neutrophils and monocytes recruited by chemical signalling to damaged site engulf bacteria r debris removing it from the area neutrophils die once ingested something monocytes are in lower quantity and take longer to be recruited but don’t die dead monocytes and neutrophils = pus

46
Q

what is the role of inflammation in the non-specific response?

A

Basophils recruited cause vasodilation and prevent blood clotting too quickly - to allow additional leukocytes to be recruited lead to 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

47
Q

what is the role of fever in the non-specific response?

A

pyrogens from WBCs to hypothalamus to reset bodies internal temperatures - body thinks its cooler than it is and so increases body temp high temp increases rate of reactions so pathogen eliminated more quickly - increased phagocytosis - division of pathogen decreases due to high temp

48
Q

what is the structure of platelets

A

2-4 micrometer fragments formed from megakaryocytes - splinter into 2000-3000 fragments - become enclosed in plasma membrane - forming the platelet many vesicles, no nucleus last 5-9 days

49
Q

Function of platelets

A

form platelet plug in haemostasis release chemicals promoting vascular spasm and blood clotting

50
Q

what is the extrinsic pathway?

A

few seconds following trauma trauma to blood vessel means tissue factor leaks into the blood from outside the blood vessel causes formation of prothrombinase

51
Q

what is the intrinsic pathway?

A

within a few minutes endothelial cells roughened or damaged - mean collagen fibres within CT of Bv are exposed – platelets in contact with collagen fibres form clotting factor damaged endothelial cells cause damage to platelets - release of phospholipids clotting factor and phospholipids act with calcium to form prothrombinase

52
Q

what is the common pathway

A

once prothrombinase has been formed, acts with calcium to catalyse reaction converting prothrombin to thrombin thrombin confers fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strengthens links between adhered platelet - plugs the Bv preventing blood loss , then contracts to bring walls of Bvs close to gether

53
Q

what is intravascular clotting

A

clots form within the CVS due to roughened endothelial surface - triggered by atherosclerosis, trauma or inflammation OR due to blood stasis causing an accumulation of clotting factors

54
Q

what its an embolus?

A

a travelling clot, air bubble, fat or debris within the CVS

55
Q

what is a thrombus?

A

clot formed within the CVS

56
Q

what is the structure and function of an elastic artery?

A

TI: well defined TM: thick and dominated with elastic fibres TE: thicker than TM transfer blood from he heart to the muscular arteries

57
Q

what is the structure and function of a muscular artery?

A

TI: well defined TM: thick and dominated with smooth muscle fibres TE: thicker than TM distribute blood to arterioles

58
Q

what is the structure and function of an arteriole?

A

TI: thin - with fenestrated lamina TM: 1-2 layers of smooth muscles - distally forms pre-capillary sphincter TE: loose and collagenous CT w/ symphathetic nerves Deliver blood to capillaries whilst regulating blood flow from the heart

59
Q

what is the structure and function of a capillary

A

TI: endothelium and basement membrane No TM or TE permits exchange of substances with tissues delivers blood to post capillary venules

60
Q

what is the structure and function of a post capillary venule

A

TI: endothelium and basement membrane No TM Sparse TE permits exchange of substances with tissues delivers blood to muscular venules

61
Q

what is the structure and function of a muscular venule

A

TI: endothelium and basement membrane TM: 1-2 layers of smooth muscle TE: sparse Pass blood into the vein, act as reservoirs for large volumes of blood.

62
Q

what is the structure and function of veins

A

TI: Endothelium and basement membrane containing valves – with larger lumen than artery TM: v. thin, with no external elastic lamina TE: thickest layer return blood to the heart - facilitated by valves

63
Q

what is the tunica intima?

A

internal lining - direct contact with the blood Three parts: - endothelium - flattened cells, smooth frictionless surface - basement membrane - deep to endothelium - anchor for the endothelium - collagen make resilient to stretching and recoil - internal elastic lamina - boundary to tunica media - elastic sheet with openings to allow transfer between TI and TM

64
Q

what is the tunica media?

A

muscle connective tissue layer - containing smooth muscle and elastic tissue regulates the diameter of the lumen internal elastic lamina forms boundary with TE

65
Q

what is the tunica externa?

A

outer covering - elastic and collagen fibres contains nerves and tiny Bvs to supply the smooth muscle of TM anchors Bv to surrounding tissues

Cardio-respiratory Studies 1 (5 decks)

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