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Cardio-respiratory Studies 1 > Senario Four - The Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Senario Four - The Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what separates the lungs?

A

heart and the mediastinum

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2
Q

what are the surfaces of the lungs?

A

costal surface - contact with ribs

mediastinal surface - centrally

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3
Q

what is present on the mediastinal surface of the lung?

A

the hilum (or ROOT) - bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves - held together by pleura and CT

cardiac notch on (L) side - due to apex of the heart

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4
Q

Name the lung lobes and the fissures dividing them

A

right lung: superior lobe - horizontal fissure, middle lobe - horizontal and oblique fissures, inferior lobe - oblique fissure

Left lung: superior lobe and inferior lobe divided by single oblique fissure

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5
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

further division of the lungs to form:
10 segments on the right
9 on the left

each supplied by their own tertiary bronchi

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6
Q

what is a lobule?

A

a division of a bronchopulmonary segment supplied by
1x lymphatic vessel, 1x arteriole, 1x venue and 1x nerve
wrapped in connective tissue.

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7
Q

Describe the function of the nose

A

warm, moisten and filter incoming air
detect olfactory stimuli
modifying speech vibrations

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8
Q

describe the structure of the nose

A

bony and hyaline cartilage framework - to keep it patent

inferior respiratory region - lined with ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium & lots of goblet cells

Anterior vestibule - coarse hairs to filter out large particles

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the inferior respiratory region of the nose?

A

goblet cells produce mucus which traps debris

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium waft trapped particles down to the pharynx - to be spit out or swallowed.

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10
Q

what is the structure of the pharynx?

A

from the internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartiliage

nasopharynx - ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium
oropharynx and laryngopharanx - non-keratinised stratified columnar epithelium

funnel shaped 13cm tube

skeletal muscle lined with mucous membranes

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11
Q

what is the function of the pharynx

A

passageway for air and food
resonating chamber for speech sounds
tonsils for immunological reactions against foreign invaders

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12
Q

what is the structure of the larynx

A

short passageway between laryngopharynx and the trachea

supported by 9 pieces of cartiliges

coated in non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium superior to vocal cords

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelia inferior to vocal cords - with goblet cells and basal cells

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13
Q

what is the structure and function of the epiglottis?

A

leaf shaped elastic cartilage - coated in epithelium

when pharynx and larynx rise, epiglottis moves down to form lid over glottis - blocking entry to the trachea and vocal cords

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14
Q

what is the function of the larynx

A

conducting pathway for food and air

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15
Q

what are the 9 cartilages of the larynx?

A

thyroid
epiglottis
cricoid

2x arytenoid
2x cuneiform
2x corniculate

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16
Q

Describe the shape and location of the trachea?

A

12cm long
2.5 cm wide
anterior to oesophagus

from larynx to T5 before divides into L and R bronchi

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17
Q

what are the 4 layers of the trachea, and their structure?

A

mucosa - internal layer of ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium, with underlying lamina proprietary (elastic and reticular tissues)

submucosa - areolar connective tissue containing seromucosa glands

hyaline cartilage - 16-20 C shaped rings - deficient posteriorly
- coated in fibromuscular membrane - with SM & elastic tissue

adventitia - areolar CT - joins trachea to surrounding tissues

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18
Q

what is the function of the mucosa?

A

protects against dust

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19
Q

what is the function of the submucosa?

A

produce mucus

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20
Q

what is the function of the hyaline cartilage?

A

SM contraction to adjust trachea diameter
provide semi-rigid support
allow the passage of food down oesophagus

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21
Q

what is the function of the adventitia?

A

joins trachea to surrounding tissues

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22
Q

what is the structure of the main, lobar and segmental bronchi?

A

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

main bronchi - C shaped cartilage
lobar and segmental bronchi - plates of cartilage to maintain patency

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23
Q

what is the pathway of the main bronchi?

A

divide into L and R from trachea at T5 - at the point of the carina

R bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider than L - more likely to aspirate

24
Q

what is the carina

A

area of division between L and R bronchi - highly sensitive - initiates the cough reflex

25
Q

what is the pathway of the lobar bronchi?

A

when the main bronchi enter the lungs - divide into:

(R) - superior, middle and inferior lobar bronchi

(L) - superior and inferior lobar bronchi

26
Q

what is the pathway of the segmental bronchi?

A

divisions of the lobar bronchi to supply the bronchopulmonary segments - 10 on R, 9 on L

27
Q

what is the structure of the large bronchioles?

A

simple, ciliated columnar epithelium

  • contain goblet cells
  • contain more SM than bronchi
28
Q

what is the structure of the small bronchioles?

A

simple, ciliated columnar epithelium

  • contain NO goblet cells
  • contain more SM than large bronchioles
29
Q

what is the structure of the terminal bronchioles?

A

non-ciliated columnar epithelium

large amounts of SM

contain Clara - club cells

30
Q

what is a clara cell

A

protects against inhaled carcinogens
produce surfactant
act as stem cells to produce epithelia

31
Q

what is the pattern of structural changes throughout the conducting system?

A

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium in main lobar and segmental bronchi

–> simple, ciliated columnar with goblet cells in large bronchioles –> no goblet cells in small bronchioles

–> non-ciliated simple columnar in terminal bronchioles

large amounts of cartilage decreases down conducting pathway - no cartilage in terminal bronchi

as cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases

32
Q

what is the role of the smooth muscle in the conducting pathway

A

forms a spiral band to maintain patency

- lack of cartilage can mean in asthma the SM spams can close off airways

33
Q

what are the 5 defense mechanisms for the respiratory tract?

A 
cough
sneeze
MCE
wandering macrophages
antiproteases
34
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the conducting system

A

fight or flight respose
during exercise

cause release of A and NA to relax SM

35
Q

what is the effect of parasympathetic input to the conducting system?

A

release of histamine during allergic reactions

causes SM constriction

36
Q

where does the conducting system end and the gas exchange system starts

A

ends at terminal bronchioles

starts in the respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveoli

37
Q

where is the MCE

A

all non-gas exchange surfaces
facilitated by ciliated cells

From terminal bronchioles to the larynx

38
Q

what does the MCE do

A

Moves particles which have been trapped in mucous towards the mouth by wafting of cilia

once in the mouth either coughed out or swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid

39
Q

how much mucous is produced daily?

A

20-30ml

40
Q

what is the mucous blanket?

A

a layer in which the cilia project into

has two layers:

  • sol layer - watery component to allow cilia wafting
  • gel layer - sticky layer to trap particles
41
Q

where does most wafting occur?

A

in the sol layer of the mucous blanket

42
Q

where is the mucous of the gel layer produced?

A

goblet cells and mucous cells

43
Q

what are the 6 parts of a reflex arc?

A

receptors, afferent, CNS, efferent, effector, action

44
Q

what are the receptors in the cough reflex

A

larynx, carina, pleura, pericardium, diaphragm and auditory canal

respond to irritants in the respiratory tract or when mucous production is too high

45
Q

what is the afferent to the cough reflex?

A

the vagus nerve

46
Q

where does the CNS respond to cough reflex?

A

modulated in the cortex & cough centre in medulla oblangata

47
Q

what is the efferents and effectors to the cough reflex?

A

1) vagus to superior largengeal nerve - laryngeal adductors
2) phrenic nerve - C3, 4, 5 - diaphragm
3) spinal motor nerves - T1- T11 - internal and external intercostals & T6-T12 - abdominals (oblique and rectus abdominus)

48
Q

what is the action of the cough reflex?

A

laryngeal adductors - glottic closure

diaphragm and external intercostals - deep inspiration

internal intercostals and abs - forced expiration

49
Q

what are the 4 stages to the cough sequence?

A
  1. deep inspiration (near total lung capacity)
  2. glottic closure
  3. isometric contraction of abdominals
    - - glottis remains closed and increase in intraabdominal pressure
  4. sudden opening of glottis - explosive expiration
    - - creates shearing forces (>100mph)
    - - unsticks secretion from airways
50
Q

describe the structure of the respiratory bronchioles

A

microscopic subdivision of terminal bronchiole

simple cuboidal cells changing to simple squamous cells further down

no cilia and no goblet cells

51
Q

describe the function of respiratory bronchioles

A

begin the respiratory zone
alveoli bud from the walls
gas exchange surface

52
Q

describe the structure of the alveolar duct?

A

subdivisions of the respiratory bronchioles - with a terminal dilation of the alveolar sac

simple squamous epithelium

53
Q

function of the alveolar duct?

A

gas exchange surface - passage way for air

produce surfactant

54
Q

describe the structure of an alveolar sac?

A

the terminal dilation of the alveolar duct

forms outpouchings - the alveoli

simple squamous epithelium

55
Q

function of the alveolar sac

A

gas exchange, passage way for air and surfactant production

Cardio-respiratory Studies 1 (5 decks)

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