Seminar 3 - Motivation, Goal Setting, Performance Profiling Flashcards
What is motivation?
Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort (Weinberg & Gould, 2015)
Direction — whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations
Intensity — how much effort one puts forth in a particular situation
Motivation is dependent on the person and situation.
What are some of the theories associated with motivation?
Self-Efficacy Theory
Competence Motivation Theory
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Need Achievement Theory
Self-determination Theory
Attribution Theory
Achievement Goals
What is Self Efficacy Theory? (Bandura, 1977, 1986)
Belief that one has the ability to perform at a specified level on a certain task (situation specific not a personality trait).
Persons self-efficacy can determine whether they approach or avoid an achievement situation.
Form of self confidence, which is particular to a specific situation e.g. exercise. Confidence essential component of successful performance.
According to Bandura’s theory, when is self-efficacy enhanced?
What is high self efficacy is associated with?
Successful Performance
Vicarious experience (social comparisons)
Persuasion
Emotional arousal
Working harder
Persisting in the task longer
Achieve at a higher level
What is Competence Motivation Theory? (Harter, 1988)
Harter (1988) proposed a theory of achievement motivation that is based on an athlete’s feeling of personal competence
Perceptions of success develops feelings of positive or negative affect.
Successful attempts at mastery increase self efficacy.
What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory? (Hardy et al., 1996)
Propose that individuals have an innate need to feel personally competent and self-determining .
Intrinsic motivation is maximised when individuals feel competent and self determining — (compared to standards).
Change of locus of control from external to internal.
What is locus of causality/control?
How to sustain high levels of motivation?
What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory affected by?
Internal LOC: perceive action to be initiated by them
External LOC: perceive action to have been initiated by others
Must receive positive feedback
Set performance goals as opposed to outcome goals
Distribution of rewards (external rewards system)
Quality and quantity of feedback and reinforcement
Environment (competition)
What are the 5 components of Need Achievement Theory? (Atkinson, 1974; McClelland, 1961)
- Personality factors - Achieve success/avoid failure
- Situational factors - High/low chance of success
- Resultant tendencies - Wanting to challenge themselves/avoid challenges
- Emotional reactions - Pride or shame
- Achievement-related behaviours - Approach or avoid challenge
What is Self-determination Theory? (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000)
“people are inherently motivated to feel connected to others within a social milieu (relatedness), to function effectively in that milieu (effectance), and to feel a sense of personal initiative in doing so (autonomy)” (p. 7).
Hypothesised that intrinsic motivation, regulation and amotivation lie on high to low continuum of self-determination.
Self-determination is associated with enhanced psychological functioning (Ryan, Deci & Grolnick, 1995).
Consequences are decreasingly positive from intrinsic motivation to amotivation.
Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation
What are the 3 forms of motivation?
Intrinsic — an internal personal desire to find success independent of external rewards and enticements.
Extrinsic — an external desire to gain notoriety, fame, or financial rewards.
Amotivation — absence of motivation.
What is intrinsic motivation?
For enjoyment, pleasure, and fun; no discernible reinforcement or reward
What is integrated regulation?
Behaviours that are fully incorporated into the repertoire of behaviours that satisfy psychological needs
Do not dislike the activity
What is identified regulation?
For personally held values such as learning new skills; internally referenced contingency
May dislike activity
What is introjected regulation?
For avoiding external sources of disapproval, or gaining externally referenced approval
What is external regulation?
For external reinforcement such as gaining rewards or avoiding punishment
What is amotivation?
Lack of intentionality and personal causation
What is Attribution Theory? (Cox, 1998)
“A complex theory in which perceived attributions are viewed as greatly influencing a person’s actions, feelings, confidence, and motivation.”
Stability — whether an individual attributes success or failure to a stable (permanent) or unstable factor.
Locus of control — whether an individual feels in control of what happens to them.
Locus of causality — whether success or failure is attributed to an Internal or external factor of the individual.
What are the emotional consequences of attribution theory?
Attributions that athletes make for success and failure are closely linked with their emotions.
Should be able to predict:
An athlete’s attributions from their emotional response.
How an athlete is feeling as a result of the attributions they make.
What are Achievement Goal Frameworks?
How an athlete determines competence is judged
Mastery vs Performance goal perspectives
Approach vs Avoidance
What are mastery or performance goal perspectives?
Mastery
- gain skill or knowledge
- perform at one’s best
- personal improvement
Performance
- adequacy of ability
- demonstration of superior competence to others
- social comparisons
How do goals help?
Goals direct attention to important elements of the skill being performed.
Goals mobilize performer efforts.
Goals prolong performer persistence.
Goals foster the development of new learning strategies.
(Locke & Latham, 2002)
What are smart goals?
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound
What are the 3 types of goals?
Process - focuses on the specifics of a procedure in which the performer will engage during performance
Performance - focuses on improvements relative to one’s own performance
Outcome - focuses on the results or some form of standards in reference to somebody else
What are the 3 different time frames for goals?
Short-term - 1-3 months
Mid-term - 3-6 months
Long-term - 6 months - 1 year
