Seminal Articles

Question 1

What percentage of dogs were DEA 1 positive in Euler et al.?

Answer 1

59.6% were DEA 1 positive.

Question 2

Which combination was most common in the Kai blood group system?

Answer 2

Kai 1 positive / Kai 2 negative (94%).

Question 3

Which breeds were overrepresented among Kai 2 positive dogs?

Answer 3

• Lhasa Apso
• Mastiff

Question 4

What is the clinical relevance of DEA 1 weak positives?

Answer 4

Weak positives may be sensitized; recommended to receive DEA 1 negative blood.

Question 5

What was concluded about natural alloantibodies in dogs?

Answer 5

Dogs lack natural alloantibodies; crossmatching before first transfusion generally not required.

Question 6

Which bacterium was significantly increased in cats with GI lymphoma?

Answer 6

Fusobacterium, especially in adherent mucus of ileum and colon.

Question 7

Which inflammatory markers correlated with Fusobacterium?

Answer 7

• CD11b+ myeloid cells
• NF-kB expression

Question 8

Where were most bacteria located in mucosal samples?

Answer 8

Adherent mucus.

Question 9

What is the hypothesized role of Fusobacterium in neoplasia?

Answer 9

Pro-inflammatory, adhesive, and invasive—possibly pro-oncogenic.

Question 10

What was a key limitation of the study?

Answer 10

Small sample size and retrospective design with potential antibiotic exposure.

Question 11

Which value was significantly lower in CKD cats vs healthy cats?

Answer 11

TIBC (262 vs 316 µg/dL).

Question 12

What TSAT value defines iron deficiency?

Answer 12

TSAT < 20%.

Question 13

What distinguishes functional from absolute iron deficiency?

Answer 13

• Functional: TSAT < 20% + ferritin > 100 ng/dL
• Absolute: TSAT < 20% + ferritin < 100 ng/dL

Question 14

How did TSAT differ between anemic and non-anemic CKD cats?

Answer 14

• Anemic: 20.2%
• Non-anemic: 29.0%

Question 15

Why is serum iron not a reliable indicator of iron status?

Answer 15

It does not reflect iron stores due to inflammatory effects.

Question 16

Where is ASBT primarily located?

Answer 16

Ileum.

Question 17

What happened to ASBT protein expression in CIE dogs?

Answer 17

It was significantly decreased (206 vs 6191 pixels).

Question 18

What correlated negatively with ASBT expression?

Answer 18

Histopathologic score of inflammation.

Question 19

How did bile acid profiles differ in CIE dogs?

Answer 19

Increased percentage of primary bile acids in feces.

Question 20

What was found regarding the dysbiosis index?

Answer 20

It was significantly increased in CIE dogs (1.77 vs -2.17).

Question 21

What was the median survival time for all chyloabdomen cases?

Answer 21

31 days.

Question 22

What was the most common clinical sign?

Answer 22

Lethargy (76%).

Question 23

What proportion had concurrent chylothorax?

Answer 23

47%.

Question 24

What was the most common cause of chyloabdomen?

Answer 24

Malignancy (45%).

Question 25

What diagnostic criteria are recommended for chyloabdomen?

Answer 25

Fluid:serum triglyceride ratio > 1:1.

Question 26

What is the diagnostic cutoff for fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (a1PI)?

Answer 26

>19 mcg/g.

Question 27

What is the critical change value for serum a1PI?

Answer 27

510 mg/L.

Question 28

Which biomarker is unaffected by steroids and useful for prognosis?

Answer 28

Fecal/serum S100A12.

Question 29

What does a dysbiosis index >0 suggest?

Answer 29

Presence of microbial imbalance in CIE.

Question 30

What biomarker decreases in chronic enteropathy and responds to treatment?

Answer 30

sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products).

Question 31

What IRIS AKI stage is defined by creatinine of 2.6–5.0 mg/dL?

Answer 31

Stage III.

Question 32

Which factor contributes significantly to AKI in sepsis?

Answer 32

Tubuloglomerular feedback and inflammation.

Question 33

Why is serum creatinine unreliable in sepsis?

Answer 33

Production is decreased.

Question 34

What is a poor prognostic indicator in septic AKI?

Answer 34

Urine output <1 mL/kg/hr.

Question 35

Which IV fluids should be avoided in septic AKI?

Answer 35

Fluids with supraphysiologic chloride concentrations.

Question 36

What was the survival rate in dogs with ALF?

Answer 36

14%.

Question 37

What was a predictor of poor outcome?

Answer 37

* Hypoalbuminemia * Progressive hyperbilirubinemia

Question 38

Which complications were common?

Answer 38

* Ascites (41%) * Bleeding (29%) * ATN (22%)

Question 39

What proportion of dogs had exposure to potential toxins?

Answer 39

31%.

Question 40

What is the recommended empiric treatment for ALF?

Answer 40

Antibiotics for leptospirosis until ruled out.

Question 41

What was the effect of CKD on fecal microbiota?

Answer 41

Significant decrease in richness and diversity.

Question 42

Which uremic toxin was significantly increased in CKD cats?

Answer 42

Indoxyl sulfate.

Question 43

What was noted about p-cresol sulfate (pCS)?

Answer 43

Not statistically different, but higher max values.

Question 44

What may contribute to dysbiosis in CKD cats?

Answer 44

* Low-fiber diets * Antibiotics * Phosphate binders

Question 45

What interventions are proposed for toxin management?

Answer 45

* Prebiotics * Probiotics * Fiber * Toxin binders

Question 46

What FENa % cutoff best distinguished I-AKI from VR-AKI?

Answer 46

>0.9%.

Question 47

Which FE value had the highest diagnostic/prognostic performance?

Answer 47

FECa.

Question 48

What was the overall mortality in the study?

Answer 48

41%; higher in I-AKI (52%) vs VR-AKI (17%).

Question 49

What was the strongest predictor of death in AKI dogs?

Answer 49

Urine output <1 mL/kg/hr (HR = 5.06).

Question 50

What electrolyte FE values were significantly higher in I-AKI?

Answer 50

* FENa * FECl * FECa * FEK * FEP * FEMg