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Biology 1 Honors > Semester two exam guide > Flashcards

Semester two exam guide Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False: The mesoderm ins the embryonic layer that forms between the ectoderm and the endoderm.

A

True

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2
Q

True or False: Planarians are free-living animals.

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: During their larval stage, sheep liver flukes form cysts on blades of grass.

A

True

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4
Q

True or False: Tapeworms absorb nutrients by means of a pharynx.

A

False

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5
Q

True or False: Cillia sweep food into a rotifer’s mouth.

A

True

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6
Q

True or False: Tapeworms have tough outer teguments that protect them from digestion by their hosts.

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: Hookworm is caused by a parasitic nematode.

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: The acoelomate body plan is the least complex body plan.

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: Roundworms have both a mouth and an anus.

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: Smuts are an example of an organisms in the kingdom Animalia.

A

False, humans

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9
Q

True or False: An inversion mutation occurs when chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA.

A

False

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10
Q

True or False: Autosomes are found in both germ cells and somatic cells.

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: In DNA, purines can only pair with other purines.

A

False

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12
Q

True or False: Transcription begins at a promotor region and continues until RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon.

A

False

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13
Q

True or False: Translation is the process of assembling proteins.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False: A codon signifies either a specific amino acid or a stop.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: An anticodon is part of an mRNA molecule.

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: AUG is the universal start codon for transcription.

A

False

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17
Q

True or False: Translation occurs in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell.

A

False

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18
Q

True or False: Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

A

True

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19
Q

True or False: All codons encode amino acids.

A

False

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20
Q

True or False: Amino acids are inked together by hydrogen bonds.

A

False

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20
Q

Pain and muscle stiffness are symptoms of a parasitic infestation called:

A

C. trichinosis

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21
Q

Tapeworms belong to Class:

A

D. Cestoda

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21
Q

The difference between a tegument and a cuticle is that a tegument:

A

D. is composed of living cells

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22
Q

Pseudocoelomates have a hollow, fluid-filled cavity that is:

A

B. lined by mesoderm on the outside and endoderm on the inside

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23
Q

From what germ layer do the skeleton, muscles, and blood of an animal arise?

A

B. mesoderm

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24
Q

In an open circulatory system, the route of blood is

A

D. heart, blood vessels, body cavity, tissues, vessels, heart

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25
Q

A true coelom

A

D. develops completely within the mesoderm

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25
Q

Which of the following is an incorrect match?

A

B. endoderm - muscular system

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26
Q

A modern systematic taxonomist would likely consider the following when classifying an organism:

A

A. the fossil record, morphology, embryological development, and macromolecules

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27
Q

Fungi obtain their nutrition by

A

B. secreting digestive enzymes onto what they grow on

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28
Q

Genetic disorders are caused by:

A

B. genetic mutations

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29
Q

Which of the following human genetic disorders is caused by a dominant gene?

A

C. Huntington’s disease

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30
Q

A man and a woman are both heterozygous for pattern-baldness, but only the man loses his hair. This is an example of a(n) _ trait.

A

C. sed-influenced

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31
Q

Genetic disorders in human chromosomes can be determined by removing a small piece of tissue from a structure that lies between the uterus and the placenta. This procedure is called;

A

C. chorion-villi-sampling

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32
Q

Both sickle cell anemia and hemophilia

A

A. are caused by the genes coding for defective proteins

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33
Q

Which of the following is an example of gene therapy?

A

D. A physician transfers a normal gene into the DNA of a person with a mutated form of the gene.

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34
Q

What do genetic counselors do?

A

C. They inform people about genetic disorders that could affect them.

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35
Q

monosomy : nondisjunction ::

A

B. male : XY chromosomes

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36
Q

Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the x chromosome, colorblindness:

A

C. is sex-linked

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37
Q

If nondisjunction occurs,

A

C. a gamete will receive too many or too few homologues of a chromosome

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38
Q

What did Griffith observe in his transformation experiments?

A

C. Harless bacteria changed into S bacteria

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39
Q

In 1944, Avery conducted a series of experiments that showed that the material responsible for the transformation is:

A

B. DNA

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40
Q

Which of the following bonds to one specific type of amino acid?

A

B. tRNA

41
Q

New mRNA is made through the process of:

A

B. transcription

42
Q

Complementary base pairing links:

A

B. nitrogen bases

43
Q

The virulent strain of the bacterium, S. pneumoniae causes disease because it:

A

A. has a capsule

44
Q

Hersey’s and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that:

A

D. DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses

45
Q

A protein is a polymer consisting of a specific sequence of:

A

A. amino acids

46
Q

The genetic code specifies the correlation between:

A

D. an RNA-nucleotide sequence and an amino-acid sequence

47
Q

Two amino acids are linked by a peptide bond when:

A

B. two tRNAs pair with neighboring codons on an mRNA transcript

48
Q

Matching: hookworm

A

always parasitic

49
Q

Matching: Echinodermata

A

sea star

50
Q

Matching: Arthropoda

A

crayfish

51
Q

Matching: phylogeny

A

an organism’s evolutionary history

52
Q

Matching: phylogenetic diagrams

A

“family tree” of organisms

53
Q

Matching: Bacteria

A

domain; includes disease-causing bacteria

54
Q

Matching: Eubacteria

A

kingdom; includes disease-causing bacteria

55
Q

Matching: Protista

A

kingdom; includes Euglena and amoebas

56
Q

Matching: Huntington’s disease

A

autosomal dominant gene

57
Q

Matching: sex linkage

A

presence of a gene on a sex chromosome

58
Q

Matching: deoxyribose

A

a five-carbon sugar

59
Q

Matching: purines

A

class of molecules having a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

60
Q

Matching: genome

A

complex gene content of an organism

61
Q

Matching: pyrimidines

A

class of molecules having a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

62
Q

Matching: anticodon

A

identifies the sequence of amino acid for tRNA

63
Q

Matching: peptide bond

A

links together amino acids in a protein

64
Q

Fill in the BLANK: When traits do not appear according to the expected ratio, BLANK may have occurred.

A

crossing over MAYBE

65
Q

Fill in the BLANK: When a piece of chromosome attaches toa nonhomologous, the mutation is called BLANK.

A

translocation MAYBE

66
Q

Fill in the BLANK: Identifying patterns of inheritance over several generations is a diagram called a(n):

A

pedigree

67
Q

Fill in the BLANK: A genetic disorder resulting in defective blood clotting is BLANK.

A

hemophilia

68
Q

Fill in the BLANK: A trait that is found only on the X chromosome is said to be BLANK.

A

x-linked

69
Q

Fill in the BLANK: The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate is called BLANK

A

nondisjunction

70
Q

Fill in the BLANK: A frameshift mutation occurs due to the insertion or deletion of:

A

a nucleotide

71
Q

Fill in the BLANK: In humans, genetic disorder resulting from chromosomes, XXY is BLANK.

A

Kleinfeld’s syndrome

72
Q

Fill in the BLANK: In humans, genetic disorder resulting from chromosomes, XO is BLANK.

A

Turner’s syndrome

73
Q

Fill in the BLANK: information contained in a molecule of mRNA is used to make proteins during the process of BLANK.

A

translation

74
Q

Fill in the BLANK: Transcription begins when this enzyme binds to the beginning of a gene on DNA.

A

RNA polymerase MAYBE

75
Q

Fill in the BLANK: Type of bond forming between the nitrogen bases when RNA binds with DNA.

A

hydrogen

76
Q

Fill in the BLANK: Number of strands of nucleotides of mRNA:

A

one

77
Q

Fill in the BLANK: Enzyme responsible for making RNA.

A

RNA polymerase

78
Q

Short answer: How do collar cells participate in the sexual reproduction of sponges?

A

Collar cells engulf water containing sponge sperm and amoebocytes carry the sperm to the egg.

79
Q

Short answer: Describe filter feeding in sponges.

A

Happens when collar cells absorb the food and transfer it to amoebocytes for nutrients.

80
Q

Short answer: What are TWO features of development that indicate echinoderms and chordates are more closely related to each other than they are to other animals?

A
  1. Both deuterostomes
  2. Both have a larval stage
81
Q

Short answer: Explain the relationship between differentiation and specialization.

A

Specialization is when cells are specialized for different functions and differentiation is when cells become specialized.

82
Q

Short answer: The kingdom Protista includes a wide variety of organisms that are more distantly related to each other than plants are to animals. why are the grouped together in one kingdom?

A

Protista is a catch all kingdom and is not for specific organisms except she marked that as wrong on my test.

83
Q

Short answer: What are two characteristics distinguishing fungi from other plants.

A

Fungi are not autotrophic but Plants are.
Plants cannot be unicellular but Fungi can.

84
Q

Short answer: Which kingdoms include multicellular and heterotrophic organisms?

A

Animalia, plantae, Protista, and fungi

85
Q

Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Archaebacteria

A

prokaryotic
unicellular
both

86
Q

Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Eubacteria

A

prokaryotic
unicellular
both

87
Q

Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Protista

A

Eukaryotic
both
both

88
Q

Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Fungi

A

eukaryotic
both
heterotrophic

89
Q

Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Plantae

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
both

90
Q

Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Animalia

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
hetertrophic

91
Q

Short answer: What are two characteristics distinguishing archaebacteria from eubacteria?

A

Eubacteria are true bacteria living in common habitats with peptidoglycan on cell walls. Archaebacteria usually live in extreme environments, and do not have peptidoglycan on their walls.
-Ella

92
Q

Short answer: Describe a phylogenetic tree

A

A phylogenetic tree is like a family tree that branches off into different species to show common ancestors and relation.
-Ella

93
Q

Short answer: Why is colorblindness carried by females and yet rarely expressed in females?

A

Color blindness requires recessive alleles to show through, but a female’s other X could easily be dominant over it unless recessive alleles are given from both parents. Males only have one X chromosome and rely on that with nothing to be dominant over it.

94
Q

Short answer: What is meant by a trait being sex-influenced?

A

Sex-influenced traits are autosomal and are affected by hormones. Males and females can have similar genotypes, but not phenotypes this way, like in male pattern baldness.
-Ella

95
Q

Short answer: Explain the difference between germ cell mutations and somatic cell mutations.

A

Germ cell mutations occur in the sex cells and affect offspring, but not the organism. Somatic cell mutations occur in the body of the organism, but do not affect the offspring.
-Ella

96
Q

What is Thomas Hunt Morgan famous for studying, and list at least four reasons why his subjects are so popular with geneticists.

A

Drosophila melanogaster because they are cheap, they only have 8 chromosomes, small, easy to observe specific traits, and can be bought in abundance.

97
Q

Short answer: In a pedigree what does a shaded shape represent?

A

homozygous dominant

98
Q

Short answer: In a pedigree what does a half shaded shape represent?

A

heterozygous

99
Q

Short answer: In a pedigree, what does an unshadded shape represent?

A

recessive

100
Q

Short answer: In a pedigree, what does a circle represent?

A

female

101
Q

Short answer: In a pedigree, what does a square represent?

A

male

102
Q

Short answer: What is the “universal start codon, AND what does is start?

A

AUG starts at the beginning of translation

103
Q

Short answer: Describe the structure AND function of three different types of RNA.

A

tRNA - like a hairpin folded back on itself, contains anticodon, transfers amino acids
mRNA - linear with amino acids, send messages referring to codons
rRNA - globular, makes up ribosomes

104
Q

Short answer: What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogen base

105
Q

Short answer: What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, ribose, nitrogen base

106
Q

Short answer: Where do transcription, translation, and replication each occur in the cell?

A

transcription - nucleus
translation - cytosol
replication - nucleus

Biology 1 Honors (2 decks)

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