Semester two exam guide Flashcards
1
Q
True or False: The mesoderm ins the embryonic layer that forms between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
A
True
2
Q
True or False: Planarians are free-living animals.
A
True
3
Q
True or False: During their larval stage, sheep liver flukes form cysts on blades of grass.
A
True
4
Q
True or False: Tapeworms absorb nutrients by means of a pharynx.
A
False
5
Q
True or False: Cillia sweep food into a rotifer’s mouth.
A
True
6
Q
True or False: Tapeworms have tough outer teguments that protect them from digestion by their hosts.
A
True
7
Q
True or False: Hookworm is caused by a parasitic nematode.
A
True
7
Q
True or False: The acoelomate body plan is the least complex body plan.
A
True
7
Q
True or False: Roundworms have both a mouth and an anus.
A
True
8
Q
True or False: Smuts are an example of an organisms in the kingdom Animalia.
A
False, humans
9
Q
True or False: An inversion mutation occurs when chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA.
A
False
10
Q
True or False: Autosomes are found in both germ cells and somatic cells.
A
True
11
Q
True or False: In DNA, purines can only pair with other purines.
A
False
12
Q
True or False: Transcription begins at a promotor region and continues until RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon.
A
False
13
Q
True or False: Translation is the process of assembling proteins.
A
True
14
Q
True or False: A codon signifies either a specific amino acid or a stop.
A
True
15
Q
True or False: An anticodon is part of an mRNA molecule.
A
False
16
Q
True or False: AUG is the universal start codon for transcription.
A
False
17
Q
True or False: Translation occurs in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell.
A
False
18
Q
True or False: Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
A
True
19
Q
True or False: All codons encode amino acids.
A
False
20
Q
True or False: Amino acids are inked together by hydrogen bonds.
A
False
20
Q
Pain and muscle stiffness are symptoms of a parasitic infestation called:
A
C. trichinosis
21
Q
Tapeworms belong to Class:
A
D. Cestoda
21
The difference between a tegument and a cuticle is that a tegument:
D. is composed of living cells
22
Pseudocoelomates have a hollow, fluid-filled cavity that is:
B. lined by mesoderm on the outside and endoderm on the inside
23
From what germ layer do the skeleton, muscles, and blood of an animal arise?
B. mesoderm
24
In an open circulatory system, the route of blood is
D. heart, blood vessels, body cavity, tissues, vessels, heart
25
A true coelom
D. develops completely within the mesoderm
25
Which of the following is an incorrect match?
B. endoderm - muscular system
26
A modern systematic taxonomist would likely consider the following when classifying an organism:
A. the fossil record, morphology, embryological development, and macromolecules
27
Fungi obtain their nutrition by
B. secreting digestive enzymes onto what they grow on
28
Genetic disorders are caused by:
B. genetic mutations
29
Which of the following human genetic disorders is caused by a dominant gene?
C. Huntington's disease
30
A man and a woman are both heterozygous for pattern-baldness, but only the man loses his hair. This is an example of a(n) _ trait.
C. sed-influenced
31
Genetic disorders in human chromosomes can be determined by removing a small piece of tissue from a structure that lies between the uterus and the placenta. This procedure is called;
C. chorion-villi-sampling
32
Both sickle cell anemia and hemophilia
A. are caused by the genes coding for defective proteins
33
Which of the following is an example of gene therapy?
D. A physician transfers a normal gene into the DNA of a person with a mutated form of the gene.
34
What do genetic counselors do?
C. They inform people about genetic disorders that could affect them.
35
monosomy : nondisjunction ::
B. male : XY chromosomes
36
Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the x chromosome, colorblindness:
C. is sex-linked
37
If nondisjunction occurs,
C. a gamete will receive too many or too few homologues of a chromosome
38
What did Griffith observe in his transformation experiments?
C. Harless bacteria changed into S bacteria
39
In 1944, Avery conducted a series of experiments that showed that the material responsible for the transformation is:
B. DNA
40
Which of the following bonds to one specific type of amino acid?
B. tRNA
41
New mRNA is made through the process of:
B. transcription
42
Complementary base pairing links:
B. nitrogen bases
43
The virulent strain of the bacterium, S. pneumoniae causes disease because it:
A. has a capsule
44
Hersey's and Chase's experiment led to the conclusion that:
D. DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses
45
A protein is a polymer consisting of a specific sequence of:
A. amino acids
46
The genetic code specifies the correlation between:
D. an RNA-nucleotide sequence and an amino-acid sequence
47
Two amino acids are linked by a peptide bond when:
B. two tRNAs pair with neighboring codons on an mRNA transcript
48
Matching: hookworm
always parasitic
49
Matching: Echinodermata
sea star
50
Matching: Arthropoda
crayfish
51
Matching: phylogeny
an organism's evolutionary history
52
Matching: phylogenetic diagrams
"family tree" of organisms
53
Matching: Bacteria
domain; includes disease-causing bacteria
54
Matching: Eubacteria
kingdom; includes disease-causing bacteria
55
Matching: Protista
kingdom; includes Euglena and amoebas
56
Matching: Huntington's disease
autosomal dominant gene
57
Matching: sex linkage
presence of a gene on a sex chromosome
58
Matching: deoxyribose
a five-carbon sugar
59
Matching: purines
class of molecules having a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
60
Matching: genome
complex gene content of an organism
61
Matching: pyrimidines
class of molecules having a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
62
Matching: anticodon
identifies the sequence of amino acid for tRNA
63
Matching: peptide bond
links together amino acids in a protein
64
Fill in the BLANK: When traits do not appear according to the expected ratio, BLANK may have occurred.
crossing over MAYBE
65
Fill in the BLANK: When a piece of chromosome attaches toa nonhomologous, the mutation is called BLANK.
translocation MAYBE
66
Fill in the BLANK: Identifying patterns of inheritance over several generations is a diagram called a(n):
pedigree
67
Fill in the BLANK: A genetic disorder resulting in defective blood clotting is BLANK.
hemophilia
68
Fill in the BLANK: A trait that is found only on the X chromosome is said to be BLANK.
x-linked
69
Fill in the BLANK: The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate is called BLANK
nondisjunction
70
Fill in the BLANK: A frameshift mutation occurs due to the insertion or deletion of:
a nucleotide
71
Fill in the BLANK: In humans, genetic disorder resulting from chromosomes, XXY is BLANK.
Kleinfeld's syndrome
72
Fill in the BLANK: In humans, genetic disorder resulting from chromosomes, XO is BLANK.
Turner's syndrome
73
Fill in the BLANK: information contained in a molecule of mRNA is used to make proteins during the process of BLANK.
translation
74
Fill in the BLANK: Transcription begins when this enzyme binds to the beginning of a gene on DNA.
RNA polymerase MAYBE
75
Fill in the BLANK: Type of bond forming between the nitrogen bases when RNA binds with DNA.
hydrogen
76
Fill in the BLANK: Number of strands of nucleotides of mRNA:
one
77
Fill in the BLANK: Enzyme responsible for making RNA.
RNA polymerase
78
Short answer: How do collar cells participate in the sexual reproduction of sponges?
Collar cells engulf water containing sponge sperm and amoebocytes carry the sperm to the egg.
79
Short answer: Describe filter feeding in sponges.
Happens when collar cells absorb the food and transfer it to amoebocytes for nutrients.
80
Short answer: What are TWO features of development that indicate echinoderms and chordates are more closely related to each other than they are to other animals?
1. Both deuterostomes
2. Both have a larval stage
81
Short answer: Explain the relationship between differentiation and specialization.
Specialization is when cells are specialized for different functions and differentiation is when cells become specialized.
82
Short answer: The kingdom Protista includes a wide variety of organisms that are more distantly related to each other than plants are to animals. why are the grouped together in one kingdom?
Protista is a catch all kingdom and is not for specific organisms except she marked that as wrong on my test.
83
Short answer: What are two characteristics distinguishing fungi from other plants.
Fungi are not autotrophic but Plants are.
Plants cannot be unicellular but Fungi can.
84
Short answer: Which kingdoms include multicellular and heterotrophic organisms?
Animalia, plantae, Protista, and fungi
85
Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Archaebacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
both
86
Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Eubacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
both
87
Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Protista
Eukaryotic
both
both
88
Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Fungi
eukaryotic
both
heterotrophic
89
Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Plantae
eukaryotic
multicellular
both
90
Short answer:
state cell type, number of cells, and form of nutrition:
Animalia
eukaryotic
multicellular
hetertrophic
91
Short answer: What are two characteristics distinguishing archaebacteria from eubacteria?
Eubacteria are true bacteria living in common habitats with peptidoglycan on cell walls. Archaebacteria usually live in extreme environments, and do not have peptidoglycan on their walls.
-Ella
92
Short answer: Describe a phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree is like a family tree that branches off into different species to show common ancestors and relation.
-Ella
93
Short answer: Why is colorblindness carried by females and yet rarely expressed in females?
Color blindness requires recessive alleles to show through, but a female’s other X could easily be dominant over it unless recessive alleles are given from both parents. Males only have one X chromosome and rely on that with nothing to be dominant over it.
94
Short answer: What is meant by a trait being sex-influenced?
Sex-influenced traits are autosomal and are affected by hormones. Males and females can have similar genotypes, but not phenotypes this way, like in male pattern baldness.
-Ella
95
Short answer: Explain the difference between germ cell mutations and somatic cell mutations.
Germ cell mutations occur in the sex cells and affect offspring, but not the organism. Somatic cell mutations occur in the body of the organism, but do not affect the offspring.
-Ella
96
What is Thomas Hunt Morgan famous for studying, and list at least four reasons why his subjects are so popular with geneticists.
Drosophila melanogaster because they are cheap, they only have 8 chromosomes, small, easy to observe specific traits, and can be bought in abundance.
97
Short answer: In a pedigree what does a shaded shape represent?
homozygous dominant
98
Short answer: In a pedigree what does a half shaded shape represent?
heterozygous
99
Short answer: In a pedigree, what does an unshadded shape represent?
recessive
100
Short answer: In a pedigree, what does a circle represent?
female
101
Short answer: In a pedigree, what does a square represent?
male
102
Short answer: What is the "universal start codon, AND what does is start?
AUG starts at the beginning of translation
103
Short answer: Describe the structure AND function of three different types of RNA.
tRNA - like a hairpin folded back on itself, contains anticodon, transfers amino acids
mRNA - linear with amino acids, send messages referring to codons
rRNA - globular, makes up ribosomes
104
Short answer: What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogen base
105
Short answer: What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, ribose, nitrogen base
106
Short answer: Where do transcription, translation, and replication each occur in the cell?
transcription - nucleus
translation - cytosol
replication - nucleus
