SemesTER TESTS Flashcards
Aerobic respiration
A catabolic pathway for organic molecules using O2 as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and ultimately produces ATP
Cytochrome
An iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chain in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells
chemiosmosis
an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to deliver cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
Electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons in a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration form from a two carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol regenerating nad+ and releasing carbon dioxide
ATP synthase
A complex of several membrane proteins that functions and chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chain using the energy of a hydrogen ion protons concentration gradient to make ATP
Cellular Respiration
The catabolic Pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP
Citric acid cycle
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA derive from the pyruvate to carbon dioxide occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and then the cytosol of prokaryotic together with pyruvate oxidation the second major stage in cellular respiration
Facultative anaerobe
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present
Fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose or other organic molecules without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic and products such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid
Glycolysis
A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells serving as a starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration
Lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis is followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerating nad+ with no release of carbon dioxide
Nad+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide a coenzyme that recycles easily between oxidized nad+ and reduced nadh states does acting as an electron carrier
Oxidation
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
Oxidative phosphorylation
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
Obligate anaerobe
An organism that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration such organisms can not use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it
proton motive Force
The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions H+ across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis
Redox reaction
A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another short for reduction oxidation reaction
Reduction
The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction
Substrate level phosphorylation
The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate and catabolism
Alga
general term for a plant-like protist
Amphibian
member of the teatropod class or kingdome anamilia
Angiosperm
Flowering plant that forms seed and produces flowers
