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SemesTER TESTS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules using O2 as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and ultimately produces ATP

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2
Q

Cytochrome

A

An iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chain in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells

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3
Q

chemiosmosis

A

an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to deliver cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP

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4
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons in a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

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5
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration form from a two carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

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6
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol regenerating nad+ and releasing carbon dioxide

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7
Q

ATP synthase

A

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions and chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chain using the energy of a hydrogen ion protons concentration gradient to make ATP

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8
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The catabolic Pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

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9
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA derive from the pyruvate to carbon dioxide occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and then the cytosol of prokaryotic together with pyruvate oxidation the second major stage in cellular respiration

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10
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present

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11
Q

Fermentation

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose or other organic molecules without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic and products such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

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12
Q

Glycolysis

A

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells serving as a starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration

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13
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Glycolysis is followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerating nad+ with no release of carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Nad+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide a coenzyme that recycles easily between oxidized nad+ and reduced nadh states does acting as an electron carrier

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15
Q

Oxidation

A

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

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16
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

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17
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

An organism that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration such organisms can not use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it

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18
Q

proton motive Force

A

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions H+ across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

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19
Q

Redox reaction

A

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another short for reduction oxidation reaction

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20
Q

Reduction

A

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

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21
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate and catabolism

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22
Q

Alga

A

general term for a plant-like protist

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23
Q

Amphibian

A

member of the teatropod class or kingdome anamilia

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24
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plant that forms seed and produces flowers

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25
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.

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26
Q

Binary Fission

A

A sexual reproduction. Cell doubles in size and divides into two cells.

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27
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of a plant cell wall consisting of glucose.

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28
Q

Chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide of a fungi cell consisting of amino acids

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29
Q

Extremophile

A

An organism that lives in environmental conditions that are so extreme only a few can survive

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30
Q

Extreme Halophile

A

An organism that lives in highly saline environment

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31
Q

Extreme Thermophile

A

An organism that lives in hot environments

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32
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can live with or without oxygen

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33
Q

Flower

A

specialized reproductive structures that hold seeds

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34
Q

Fragmentation

A

An asexual reproduction where a single parent breaks into parts and forms a new individual

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35
Q

Gram Negative

A

Cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan. Stains red or pink

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36
Q

Gram- Positive

A

Cell wall that is less structurally complex and contains more peptidoglycan. Stains Purple

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37
Q

Gymnosperm

A

A vascular plant where seeds are not enclosed in a chamber or fruit. Produced in cones

38
Q

Leaf

A

The main photosynthetic organ of a vascular plant

39
Q

Mammal

A

Member of class Mammalia and kingdom Animalia

40
Q

Methanogen

A

An organism that produces methane as a waste product to obtain energy

41
Q

Mutualism

A

organisms live together; help each other

42
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Can not live in the presence of oxygen

43
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that feed of another organisms while in or on the host organism

44
Q

Phloem

A

Vessel in a plant that is elongated tube which transports sugars and other organic nutrients

45
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of sugar cross links

46
Q

Radical Symmetry

A

Body is shaped like a pie or barrel and can be divided into mirror imaged halves by any plane.

47
Q

Reptile

A

Kingdom Animalia; class reptillia; clade of ammiotes

48
Q

Root

A

Anchors the plant in the ground, absorbs water and nutrients, and stores sugar.

49
Q

Seed

A

terrestrial plant consisting of an embryo package along with a store of food within a protein coat

50
Q

Seedless vascular plant

A

plant that has vascular tissues but do not produce seeds

51
Q

Stem

A

supports the leaves and transports water and nutrients

52
Q

Xylem

A

A vessel that transports water

53
Q

Vascular plant

A

A plant with vascular tissues that allows rapid movement of water and substances.

54
Q

Gene Expression

A

the process by which the information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs

55
Q

Inquiry

A

the search for information and explanation often focused by specific questions

56
Q

population

A

a localized group of individuals that belong to the same species

57
Q

science

A

an approach to understanding the natural world

58
Q

genomics

A

the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

59
Q

proteomics

A

The study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions

60
Q

Natural Selection

A

differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when natural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool

61
Q

Molecule

A

composed of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

62
Q

Organelles

A

One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

63
Q

Genome

A

The complement of an organism’s genes; an organism’s genetic material.

64
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

65
Q

Organ

A

a specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues

66
Q

proteome

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

67
Q

technology

A

a tentative answer to a well framed question

68
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing

69
Q

tissues

A

An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.

70
Q

variables

A

a factor that varies during an experiment

71
Q

scientific theory

A

an explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence

72
Q

archaea

A

one of the two prokaryotic domains

73
Q

Bacteria

A

the other prokaryotic domain

74
Q

DNA

A

a double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins

75
Q

ecosystem

A

all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community and its physical environment

76
Q

community

A

all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction

77
Q

eukarya

A

the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms

78
Q

controlled experiment

A

an experiment in which an experimental group is compared to a control group that varies only in the factor being tested

79
Q

biology

A

the scientific study of life

80
Q

Cell

A

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

81
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

a type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote

82
Q

emergent properties

A

new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

83
Q

biosphere

A

the entire portion of the earth inhabited by life– all of the planet’s ecosystems

84
Q

experiment

A

a scientific test often carried out under controlled conditions that involve manipulating one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing that factor

85
Q

data

A

recorded observations

86
Q

evolution

A

all the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today

87
Q

climate change

A

a directional change in temperature, precipitation, or other aspects of the global climate that lasts for 3+ decades

88
Q

Genes

A

a discrete unit of hereditary info consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA)

89
Q

dependent variable

A

a factor whose value is measured in an experiment to see whether it is influenced by changes in another factor

90
Q

hypothesis

A

the application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose

91
Q

independent variable

A

a factor whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment to reveal possible effects on another factor

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