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My grade is suffering Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In general, describe what happens during photosynthesis.

A

CO2 and H2o combine with energy from sunlight and are converted to O2 and glucose.

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2
Q

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

A

CO2 and water (energy)

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3
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

O2 and glucose

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4
Q

Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplast

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5
Q

In general, describe what happens during cellular respiration.

A

Glucose with O2 is broken down into O2, H2O, and ATP

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6
Q

What are the reactants in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and O2

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7
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

CO2, H2O, and ATP

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8
Q

Which reaction in anabolic?

A

Photosynthesis

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9
Q

Which reaction is catabolic?

A

Cellular respiration

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10
Q

Which reaction is exergonic?

A

Cellular respiration

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11
Q

Which reaction is endergonic?

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

What is the summary equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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13
Q

Most commonly, glucose is represented as the molecule broken down in the respiration equation. Does this mean that glucose is the only source of energy in cellular respiration?

A

No; carbohydrates are consumed and broken down through digestion to glucose; lipids and proteins can be broken down into intermediates of cellular respiration.

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14
Q

Define oxidation.

A

The loss of electrons

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15
Q

Define reduction

A

The gaining of electrons

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16
Q

Cellular respiration is described as a stepwise redox reaction. Which substance is oxidized?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Cellular respiration is described as a stepwise redox reaction. Which substance is reduced?

A

O2

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18
Q

What happens to the amount of potential energy of electrons as they shift from carbon and hydrogen toward oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

Potential energy decreases because some is released

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19
Q

How is the energy used?

A

To make ADP

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20
Q

WHat is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

A

To accept e- that are pulled from organic molecules

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21
Q

WHat is the role of hydrogenases in cellular respiration?

A

To strip the H atoms from glucose and other intermediates throughout cellular respiration

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22
Q

What produces ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation

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23
Q

What involves the direct transfer of a phosphate from an intermediate to ADP?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

24
Q

What couples the addition of a phosphate to ADP with the exergonic slide of electrons down the electron transport chain?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

25
Q

Which has oxygen that is used as the terminal electron acceptor

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

26
Q

What accounts for 90 percent of ATP production in aerobic respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

During what phase are 2 glyceraldehyde phosphates oxidized?

A

Energy-yielding

28
Q

During what phase are 2 NAD+ reduced to 2 NADH?

A

Energy-yielding

29
Q

During what phase does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

A

Energy-yielding

30
Q

During what phase does 4 ADP + 4 P yield 4 ATP?

A

Energy-yielding

31
Q

During what phase are 2 ATP molecules used?

A

Energy-investment

32
Q

During what phase are glucose and intermediate compounds phosphorylated?

A

Energy-investment

33
Q

During what phase is Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate split into two 3-c compounds?

A

Energy-Yielding

34
Q

Where do Acetyl CoA prep and Kreb’s occur?

A

Mitochondria Matrix

35
Q

How many NADH are produced per glucose?

A

8

36
Q

How many CO2 are produced per glucose?

A

6

37
Q

How many ATP are produced per glucose?

A

2

38
Q

How many FADH2 are produced per glucose?

A

2

39
Q

As electrons are transported through the electron transport chain to oxygen, they lose potential energy. This energy is used to do what work?

A

To regenerate its supply of ATP

40
Q

The electrons from 1 NADH results in the production of
3 ATP molecules whereas the electrons from 1 FAD2 results in the production of 2 ATP molecules. Why is there a difference?

A

Because the FADH2 enters the Electron Transport Chain further down the ETC, it has less Potential Energy

41
Q

How many oxygen molecules are consumed in the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water in aerobic respiration?

A

6

42
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of ATP formed by the electron transport chain?

A

0%

43
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?

A

100%

44
Q

What and how many of each are the energy containing products of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP

45
Q

For each molecule of glucose consumed in glycolysis, there is a net consumption of how many NAD+ and ADP?

A

2 NAD+ and 2 ADP

46
Q

In the complete reactions of aerobic respiration, the energy for the majority of ATP synthesis is provided by a ____ gradient across a membrane.

A

Proton

47
Q

During aerobic respiration, ____ directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level.

A

FADH2

48
Q

What pathways do most electrons follow inside an active mitochondria?

A

Kreb’s, NADH, ETC, Oxygen

49
Q

In chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation) what is the most direct sourse of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?

A

Energy released from movement of protons down their proton gradient through ATP synthase

50
Q

Which metabolic pathway requires a proton gradient?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

Which metabolic pathway generates a proton gradient?

A

Electron transport chain

52
Q

What generates the ATP made during fermentation?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

53
Q

If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citrate in the citric acid cycle?

A

The levels of oxaloacetate will increase due to accumulation whereas the levels of citrate will decrease

54
Q

Most CO2 from catabolism of glucose is released during the ___ cycle.

A

Citric acid cycle (KREB’S!!!)

55
Q

The ATP produced in the citric acid cycle is generated by ________.

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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