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History > Semester One EXAM > Flashcards

Semester One EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

period when the Dutch had a significant role in the trade sugar

A

Dutch Sugar Trade

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2
Q

period of time when Japan dominated the Asian Sea Trade Network with its trading posts, technology, and weaponry

A

Dutch Golden Age

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3
Q

Emperor of the Mughal Empire at the peak of the Empire

A

Akbar the Great

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4
Q

Muslim dynasty that ruled over most of India

A

Mughal Empire

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5
Q

Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the pyre of her husband

A

Sati

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6
Q

Tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo

A

Cash Crops in the Americas

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7
Q

Migration of Dutch colonists out of British controlled territory in South Africa

A

The Great Trek

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8
Q

Dutch farmers who took over most of land and wagged competition and war over Africans

A

Boers

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9
Q

Southern Tip of Africa first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India

A

Cape of Good Hope

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10
Q

He took over the Aztec capital of Tenochitilan due to disease starvation

A

Hernan Cortes

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11
Q

Rural estates controlled by local aristocrats that produced agricultural products

A

Haciendas

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12
Q

Code of conduct for the Samurai during the feudal period in Japan

A

Bushido Code

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13
Q

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by it’s ruler

A

peace of Ausburg

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14
Q

1494 agreement with Portugal and Spain declaring that the newly discovered lands to the west will belong to Spain and new lands to the east belong to Portugal

A

Treaty of Tordesillas

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15
Q

Religious writer and scholar in western Sudan and Morocco who wanted to end Slave Trade

A

Ahmed Baba

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16
Q

Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus and his voyage

A

Columbian Exchange

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17
Q

Slaves to the Americas, sugar/tobacco to Europe, European manufactured products to the African coast

A

Triangle Trade

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18
Q

Political, Social, and Economic system based on land, loyalty, and military service

A

Japanese Feudal System

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19
Q

Known for limited use of African Slaves

A

Benin

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20
Q

During Tokugawa Shoguante in Japan, policy of closing the country to foreign trade with Europe and encouraging domestic production of goods

A

Sakoku/Isolation

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21
Q

Claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500

A

Pedro Cabral

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22
Q

Large estate in usually a tropical climate where cash Crops are grown using labor (usually slavery)

A

Plantation Systems

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23
Q

South Western Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal

A

Iberian Peninsula

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24
Q

West African Kingdom that became popular from the exploitation of the Slave Trade

A

Dahomey

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25
Q

Forts and Trading posts set up by the Portuguese along the coats of West Africa and Asia

A

Factories

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26
Q

Central America, the Caribbean, the Philipines, and the south west United States

A

New Spain

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27
Q

4th emperor of the Qing Dynasty known for improving waterways and increasing isolation and removal of Christianity

A

Emperor Kangxi

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28
Q

West/Arab Zone —> glass,carpets, textiles
Central/ India –> cotton
East/China —> paper, porcelain, silk

A

Asian Sea Trade Network

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29
Q

fever, weakness, and skin eruption that killed large numbers of natives

A

Smallpox

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30
Q

Area along coastal towns where traders exchange goods for local products

A

Trading Posts

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31
Q

He was a Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish and was the first to sail around the world

A

Ferdinand Magellan

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32
Q

Late 15th century King and Queen of Spain. Together they united Spain into a strong christian nation and provided funding to overseas expoloration, notably Christopher Columbus.

A

Ferdinand and Isabella

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33
Q

Glorious Revolution, constitutional monarchy, limited monarchy. They ruled after the stuarts.

A

William of Orange, and Mary

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34
Q

Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867, known for abolishing Christianity and increasing isolation of Japan

A

Tokugawa

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35
Q

Complete control of a product or business

A

monopoly

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36
Q

Social system in the New World based on race and ethnicity placing pure-blood Europeans at the top and Natives and Africans at the bottom

A

Latin American Caste System

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37
Q

After the discovery of the New World extracted this metal and started trade with China and India in exchange for manufactured goods

A

Silver

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38
Q

The African group in present-day Ghana who set up a slave and gold trade with Europeans

A

Asante empire

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39
Q

Ritual suicide to die with honor if the Samurai broke Bushido or lost and failed to die in battle

A

Seppuku

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40
Q

stressed exports over imports to make more money

A

mercantilism

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41
Q

increased trade of this drug led to China becoming economically controlled by British

A

Opium

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42
Q

Reprensitives of the Spanish monarch in Spain’s colonial empire

A

Viceroys

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43
Q

early form of coerced labor in spanish colonies (serfdom)

A

encomiendas

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44
Q

A priest who argued against using native populations for slave labor and advocated for Indian rights

A

Bartolome de Las casas

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45
Q

conquest of Peru and Incan capital of Cuzzo

A

Francis Pizarro

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46
Q

Accidentally discovered the Americas in 1492 while trying to find a faster route to India

A

Christopher Columbus

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47
Q

Portuguese Prince who led an effort to promote exploration of West Africa. Leading to Portugual to find a route to Africa and later India

A

Henry the Navigator

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48
Q

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and found a route to India

A

Vasco de Gama

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49
Q

A company made up of shareholders, each shareholder contributes some money to the company and then in return gets some of the profits

A

Joint stock company

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50
Q

A Spanish missionary - worked in India in the 1540s – and made little headway among the elites

A

Francis Xavier

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51
Q

Western European nations that began at the age of exploration and will rise to power (Spain, Portugal, France, Holland, and Great Britain)

A

Core Nations

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52
Q

Roughly 40-50% of all slaves went to Brazil to increase the population of this cash crop

A

sugar

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53
Q

A person sent on a religious mission, sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

A

Missionaries

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54
Q

Harsh voyage that brought enslaved Africans to North America as a part of the Atlantic Slave Trade

A

Middle Passage

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55
Q

Slaves were taken to South America (sugar plantations) and North America (cotton and tobacco fields)

A

African Slave Trade

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56
Q

Movement to make Slave Trade illegal

A

Abolition

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57
Q

English philosopher who argued that people should have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property

A

John Locke

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58
Q

Declared Henry the Vlll the supreme head of the Church of England

A

Act of Supremacy

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59
Q

Henry the Vlll becomes the head of this church after the act of supremacy

A

Anglican Church

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60
Q

French absolute monarch known as the “Sun King” who was the longest-ruling French monarch and led France into unprecedented debt due to wars and expensive palaces

A

Louix XlV

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61
Q

document that granted religious freedom to the French Huguenots

A

Edict of Nantes

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62
Q

held salons where writers, artists, and philosophes exchanged ideas on arts, science, government, and religion

A

Marie Therese Geoffrin

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63
Q

Palace built by Louis XIV to keep nobles closer, seen as a symbol of Divine Right

A

Palace of Versailles

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64
Q

a religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of mortality for society; popular in Switzerland

A

John Calvin

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65
Q

a location where writers, artists, and philosophes exchanged ideas on arts, science, government, and religion during the Enlightenment

A

Salons

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66
Q

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church’s practices

A

Martin Luther

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67
Q

Founder of modern political science by emphasizing ideas on how to seize & maintain power in The Prince

A

Niccolo Machiavelli

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68
Q

Martin Luther’s statement of principles regarding penance and abuse of indulgences

A

95 Theses

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69
Q

In the Roman Catholic Church, people paid pardon for sins from their lifetimes

A

Indulgences

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70
Q

The religious reform movement within the Catholic Church started in response to Luther’s ideas. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline

A

Counter- Catholic Reformation

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71
Q

(1491-1547) King of England, split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy

A

King Henry the Vlll

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72
Q

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations (1776) developing the idea of free trade and free markets with little to no government involvement

A

Adam Smith

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73
Q

French journalist who was a political activist for both women’s rights and the abolition of slavery

A

Olympe De Gouges

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74
Q

developed the idea that the government should be split into separate powers and 3 branches in the Spirit of the Laws

A

Baron de Montesquieu

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75
Q

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice, intolerance, and inequality

A

Voltarie

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76
Q

British feminist who advocated for education & women’s rights in Vindication of the Rights of Women

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

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77
Q

A conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament defeated supporters of England’s monarchy

A

English Civil War

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78
Q

formed by high officials of the Catholic Church as an assembly to discuss and examine the basic church doctrines and goals from 1545-1563

A

Council of Trent

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79
Q

Makes a military dictatorship as “Lord Protector” after executing Charles l for treason following his victory in the English Civil War

A

Oliver Cromwell

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80
Q

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, and encouraged science, art, and literature, Russia became one of Europe’s most powerful nations

A

Catherine the great

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81
Q

an Italian city-state and leading cultural center during the Renaissance

A

Florence

82
Q

Son of Maria Teresa and enlightened despot who ruled over the Austrian empire granting religious equality, freedom of press, and abolished serfdom

A

Joseph ll

83
Q

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange and creating the modern constitutional monarchy

A

The Glorious Revolution

84
Q

Government ruled by a few powerful people

A

Oligarchy

85
Q

A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas

A

Enlightened Despots

86
Q

Interval between monarchial reigns in England from 1649-1660 when Oliver Cromwell served as a military dictator (time with no king)

A

interrgunm

87
Q

A belief during the Renaissance that the fame and glory of the individual should be celebrated and displayed

A

individualism

88
Q

A belief during the Renaissance that emphasized a focus on Ancient Greek and Roman times in art & literature

A

humanism

89
Q

A belief during the Renaissance that rejected religion and religious considerations in art and literature

A

secularism

90
Q

assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw

A

Diet of worms

91
Q

believed that people are born selfish and greedy leading to a need for a strong absolute monarch

A

Thomas Hobbes

92
Q

Belief that the authority of absolute rulers comes directly from GodBelief that the authority of absolute rulers comes directly from God

A

Divine Right

93
Q

Prussian monarch who built up a massive military and centralized government, but also introduced freedom of religion, freedom of press, and literature

A

Frederick the great

94
Q

Known for her defeat of the Spanish Armada and leading Great Britain into the dominant power in the 17th century

A

Elizabeth l

95
Q

he argued the good of the community outweighed the good of the individual in the Social Contract

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

96
Q

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by constitutional laws or opposition)

A

Absolutism

97
Q

King (1625-1649) who had power struggles with Parliament resulting in the English Civil War that led to his beheading in 1649

A

Charles l

98
Q

A document that gave England a constitutional monarchy based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament that held increased power compared to the monarch

A

English Bill of Rights

99
Q

a theory that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks that developed in early modern England and Holland

A

Constiutionalism

100
Q

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

A

Scientific revolution

101
Q

Figured out the Earth, and everything else in our universe is revolving around the sun

A

Nicholas Copernicus

102
Q

First to state the law of planetary motion

A

Johannes Kepler

103
Q

He proved Copernicus findings with the telescope then developes ideas on laws of gravity

A

Galileo galilei

104
Q

Studied curculation of blood coming from the heart instead of the liver

A

William Harvey

105
Q

He defied the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented calculus, and wrote “Principia”

A

Issac Newton

106
Q

Italian Renaissance artist and architect who advanced portrayals of the human body in pieces such as the Mona Lisa & Vitruvian Man

A

Leonardo de Vinci

107
Q

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David

A

Michelangelo

108
Q

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens

A

Raphael

109
Q

15th century Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures and bronze statues such as David

A

Donatello

110
Q

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself especially during the Reformation

A

Printing Press

111
Q

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas in politics and religion

A

Enlightenment

112
Q

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time

A

Philosophes

113
Q

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

A

Laissez-faire

114
Q

leader of Enlightenment in France through publishing the Encyclopedie (1788) which compiled scientific and social knowledge as well as philosophy, math, and psychology

A

Diderot

115
Q

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for “disloyalty”

A

Reign of Terror

116
Q

Group of five men who served as the leaders of France followign the execution of Robespierre and later overthrown by Napoleon

A

The Directory

117
Q

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791) created after the Tennis Court Oath and demanded a new constitution in France

A

National Assembly

118
Q

French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

A

Estates System

119
Q

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start/ symbol of the French Revolution. July 14, 1789

A

Storming of the Bastille

120
Q

King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. He and his queen were executed in 1793 via guillotine

A

Louis XVl

121
Q

Leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror

A

Robespierre

122
Q

Queen of France (originally Austrian, married to Louis XVI), known as Madame Deficit. Put France into more debt due to extravagant and unnecessary spending

A

Marie antoinette

123
Q

Famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France after they got locked out of the meeting, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

A

Tennis Court Oath

124
Q

A committee established during the French revolution and led by Robespierre to identify and terminate enemies of the republic during the Reign of Terror

A

Committee of Public Safety

125
Q

he march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread. The king and queen are then sent back to Paris

A

Women’s March on Versailles

126
Q

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

A

declaration of the rights of Man

127
Q

Also known as the Napoleonic Codes, it safeguarded property of the nobility, established freedom of religion, but limited the rights of employees and women and centralized law of France

A

Civil Code of 1804

128
Q

This was the 100-day battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

A

Battle of Waterloo

129
Q

The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land (used by Russia)

A

Scorched Earth Policy

130
Q

Napoleon’s efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

A

Continental System

131
Q

Peninsulare - Creoles - Mestizos - Indians/Africans

A

Latin American Caste System

132
Q

Leader of the slave rebellion against France in Haiti in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804

A

Toussaint L’Overture

133
Q

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule liberated Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador

A

Simon Bolivar

134
Q

Led revolts for Argentina and Chile and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule

A

Jose de San Martin

135
Q

Mexican priest and mestizo who led peasants in call for independence against Spanish rule and improved conditions

A

Miguel Hidalgo

136
Q

The son of the Portuguese king who was left behind in Brazil as regent when his father returned to Portugal. Becomes the first king of Brazil in 1822

A

Dom Pedro

137
Q

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs in 1815 called to reestablish the old order and redraw the map of Europe after the defeat of Nepoleon

A

Congress of Vienna

138
Q

hose who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order

A

liberals

139
Q

A time period of improved quality and quantity of farm products throughout the 1700’s

A

Agricultural Revolution

140
Q

In Great Britain, parliament allowed common land to be purchased by large, wealthy landowners and small, individual farmers were no longer needed

A

Encloser Movement

141
Q

An increase in the number of people moving to cities for jobs leading to overcrowding in major European cities

A

Urbanazation

142
Q

A “putting-out” system where one person found raw materials, made a product, found people to buy it, then sold the product themselves

A

cottage industry

143
Q

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery

A

Steam Engine

144
Q

First country to take the lead of Industrialization and controlled most trade in the early 1800’s

A

Great Britian

145
Q

The use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane

A

Child Labor

146
Q

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, replaced manual labor to keep up with rising population

A

Factory System

147
Q

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded

A

Tenements

148
Q

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

A

Mines Act of 1842

149
Q

Laws that limited employment & work hours of young children into cotton industry

A

Factory Acts

150
Q

The first steam powered locomotive created in 1830 to connect Liverpool and Manchester

A

The Rocket

151
Q

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856

A

Bessemer Process

152
Q

materials and economy needed able workers, free trade of ideas

A

Causes of Industrialization

153
Q

new technology, transportation, weapons, efficient production

A

effects of inustrialization

154
Q

Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) as he predicted a new social order that was going to rise against the abuses of capitalism

A

Karl Marx

155
Q

An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next

A

Traditional Economy

156
Q

Means of production controlled by both individual and government

A

Mixed Economy

157
Q

Government owns the means of production and controls everything

A

Command Economy

158
Q

Individuals own the means of production and the government has limited to no involvement (Smith), economy is driven by the supply/ demand of the consumer

A

Free Market Economy

159
Q

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country leading many European countries to either revolt or unite during the mid-1800’s

A

Nationalism

160
Q

Mexican (creole) army officer who joined forces w/ the Indians and Mestizos won mexican’s independence then claimed himself emperor

A

Agustin de Iturbide

161
Q

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

A

Industrial Revolution

162
Q

The domination of one country over another either economically, politically, and/or culturally

A

Imperialism

163
Q

Economic, political, religious, exploratory, ideological

A

motives of imperlalism

164
Q

A country ruled directly by a foreign power

A

colony

165
Q

A country ruled indirectly from abroad by a foreign power

A

protectorate

166
Q

A foreign power controls all trading privileges in the area and exerts political pressure, through telling the leader orders

A

spheres of influence

167
Q

An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments

A

economic imperialism

168
Q

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

A

social darwinsim

169
Q

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country

A

nationalism

170
Q

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

A

Berlin Conference

171
Q

A period between 1880-1914 when Europeans invaded, occupied, divided, and colonized Africa territory for natural resources

A

Scramble for Africa

172
Q

ppointed governor of Egypt by the Ottomans, known as the “father of modern Egypt”, introduced new economic reforms and encouraged world trade

A

Muhammad Ali

173
Q

Built by French and British to increase control after death of Muhammad Ali
British East India Company - British controlled 3/5 of India through this by ignoring religion and creating competition between cultures

A

Suez Canal

174
Q

Indian troops who served in the British army

A

Sepoys

175
Q

the revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs

A

sepoy rebellion

176
Q

British political establishment in India that developed as a result of the Sepoy Rebellion and aimed to modernize India

A

British Raj

177
Q

Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule

A

Indian National Congress

178
Q

Organization formed by Muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule and separate themselves from the Hindu led Indian National Congress

A

Muslim league

179
Q

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which revolutionaries overthrew. Also known for its extreme isolationism

A

Qing Dyansty

180
Q

War between Britain and the Qing Empire caused by the Qing government’s refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; British instituted Treaty of Nanjing after victory

A

Opium War

181
Q

“unequal treaty” to end Opium War in which China had to pay war damages, grant special rights to the British, and grant 5 ports to them

A

Treaty of Nanjing

182
Q

Payment China had to pay to Britain for losses/ damages in war

A

Indemnity

183
Q

Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

A

Extraterritoriality

184
Q

A mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

A

Taping Rebellion

185
Q

A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory, Japan gained Taiwan

A

Sino-Japanese War

186
Q

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country, stopped by British and European powers

A

Boxer Rebellion

187
Q

Overthrew the Qing Dynasty. He was the first president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912

A

Sun Yixian

188
Q

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influence

A

Tokugawa Shogunate

189
Q

Emperor > Shogun > Daimyo and Samurai > Peasants

A

Japanese Feudalism

190
Q

Treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

A

Treaty of Kanagawa

191
Q

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control, first time in modern history that an Asian power defeated a European nation, more control over Korea

A

Russo-Japanese War

192
Q

King Leopold II of this country acquired the massive territory of the Congo as his own private possession, which became one of the most brutal episodes of African colonial history

A

Belgium

193
Q

Mass murder and attacks led by the Turkish government at start of WWI against the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire leading to over a million Armenians being killed and thousands fleeing to Russia and the Middle East

A

Armenian Genocide

194
Q

Western Europe’s nickname for the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century as nationalism and diversity in the region led to increased conflict and rebellions

A

Sick Man of Europe

195
Q

According to Europeans, it means using industrial advances and western culture to advance European economic interests in its colonies

A

Modernization

196
Q

The Dutch Colony in southern Africa taken over by the British during the French Revolution / Napoleonic War

A

Cape Colony

197
Q

Only African nation to successfully resist European imperialism against the Italian through modernization of its military

A

Ethiopia

198
Q

The Sick man of Europe which began losing ground to the Russians but was aided by other Europeans during the Crimean War

A

ottoman empire

199
Q

Father of Indian Nationalism who believed that India could learn from the West and saw value in Western education

A

Ram Muhan Roy

200
Q

Poppies grown and made into drugs in India and sold to China

A

Opium Trade

201
Q

After forced to open trade with the US, they began to take control of areas of Asia including Korea, Tawain and Manchuria

A

Japanese Expansion

202
Q

Expanded into the Pacific region taking control of islands including Hawaii and the Philippines after a war with Spain

A

US Expansion

History (6 decks)

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