Semester One EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
period when the Dutch had a significant role in the trade sugar
A
Dutch Sugar Trade
2
Q
period of time when Japan dominated the Asian Sea Trade Network with its trading posts, technology, and weaponry
A
Dutch Golden Age
3
Q
Emperor of the Mughal Empire at the peak of the Empire
A
Akbar the Great
4
Q
Muslim dynasty that ruled over most of India
A
Mughal Empire
5
Q
Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the pyre of her husband
A
Sati
6
Q
Tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo
A
Cash Crops in the Americas
7
Q
Migration of Dutch colonists out of British controlled territory in South Africa
A
The Great Trek
8
Q
Dutch farmers who took over most of land and wagged competition and war over Africans
A
Boers
9
Q
Southern Tip of Africa first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India
A
Cape of Good Hope
10
Q
He took over the Aztec capital of Tenochitilan due to disease starvation
A
Hernan Cortes
11
Q
Rural estates controlled by local aristocrats that produced agricultural products
A
Haciendas
12
Q
Code of conduct for the Samurai during the feudal period in Japan
A
Bushido Code
13
Q
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by it’s ruler
A
peace of Ausburg
14
Q
1494 agreement with Portugal and Spain declaring that the newly discovered lands to the west will belong to Spain and new lands to the east belong to Portugal
A
Treaty of Tordesillas
15
Q
Religious writer and scholar in western Sudan and Morocco who wanted to end Slave Trade
A
Ahmed Baba
16
Q
Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus and his voyage
A
Columbian Exchange
17
Q
Slaves to the Americas, sugar/tobacco to Europe, European manufactured products to the African coast
A
Triangle Trade
18
Q
Political, Social, and Economic system based on land, loyalty, and military service
A
Japanese Feudal System
19
Q
Known for limited use of African Slaves
A
Benin
20
Q
During Tokugawa Shoguante in Japan, policy of closing the country to foreign trade with Europe and encouraging domestic production of goods
A
Sakoku/Isolation
21
Q
Claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
A
Pedro Cabral
22
Q
Large estate in usually a tropical climate where cash Crops are grown using labor (usually slavery)
A
Plantation Systems
23
Q
South Western Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal
A
Iberian Peninsula
24
Q
West African Kingdom that became popular from the exploitation of the Slave Trade
A
Dahomey
25
Forts and Trading posts set up by the Portuguese along the coats of West Africa and Asia
Factories
26
Central America, the Caribbean, the Philipines, and the south west United States
New Spain
27
4th emperor of the Qing Dynasty known for improving waterways and increasing isolation and removal of Christianity
Emperor Kangxi
28
West/Arab Zone ---> glass,carpets, textiles
Central/ India --> cotton
East/China ---> paper, porcelain, silk
Asian Sea Trade Network
29
fever, weakness, and skin eruption that killed large numbers of natives
Smallpox
30
Area along coastal towns where traders exchange goods for local products
Trading Posts
31
He was a Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish and was the first to sail around the world
Ferdinand Magellan
32
Late 15th century King and Queen of Spain. Together they united Spain into a strong christian nation and provided funding to overseas expoloration, notably Christopher Columbus.
Ferdinand and Isabella
33
Glorious Revolution, constitutional monarchy, limited monarchy. They ruled after the stuarts.
William of Orange, and Mary
34
Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867, known for abolishing Christianity and increasing isolation of Japan
Tokugawa
35
Complete control of a product or business
monopoly
36
Social system in the New World based on race and ethnicity placing pure-blood Europeans at the top and Natives and Africans at the bottom
Latin American Caste System
37
After the discovery of the New World extracted this metal and started trade with China and India in exchange for manufactured goods
Silver
38
The African group in present-day Ghana who set up a slave and gold trade with Europeans
Asante empire
39
Ritual suicide to die with honor if the Samurai broke Bushido or lost and failed to die in battle
Seppuku
40
stressed exports over imports to make more money
mercantilism
41
increased trade of this drug led to China becoming economically controlled by British
Opium
42
Reprensitives of the Spanish monarch in Spain’s colonial empire
Viceroys
43
early form of coerced labor in spanish colonies (serfdom)
encomiendas
44
A priest who argued against using native populations for slave labor and advocated for Indian rights
Bartolome de Las casas
45
conquest of Peru and Incan capital of Cuzzo
Francis Pizarro
46
Accidentally discovered the Americas in 1492 while trying to find a faster route to India
Christopher Columbus
47
Portuguese Prince who led an effort to promote exploration of West Africa. Leading to Portugual to find a route to Africa and later India
Henry the Navigator
48
Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and found a route to India
Vasco de Gama
49
A company made up of shareholders, each shareholder contributes some money to the company and then in return gets some of the profits
Joint stock company
50
A Spanish missionary - worked in India in the 1540s – and made little headway among the elites
Francis Xavier
51
Western European nations that began at the age of exploration and will rise to power (Spain, Portugal, France, Holland, and Great Britain)
Core Nations
52
Roughly 40-50% of all slaves went to Brazil to increase the population of this cash crop
sugar
53
A person sent on a religious mission, sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.
Missionaries
54
Harsh voyage that brought enslaved Africans to North America as a part of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Middle Passage
55
Slaves were taken to South America (sugar plantations) and North America (cotton and tobacco fields)
African Slave Trade
56
Movement to make Slave Trade illegal
Abolition
57
English philosopher who argued that people should have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property
John Locke
58
Declared Henry the Vlll the supreme head of the Church of England
Act of Supremacy
59
Henry the Vlll becomes the head of this church after the act of supremacy
Anglican Church
60
French absolute monarch known as the "Sun King" who was the longest-ruling French monarch and led France into unprecedented debt due to wars and expensive palaces
Louix XlV
61
document that granted religious freedom to the French Huguenots
Edict of Nantes
62
held salons where writers, artists, and philosophes exchanged ideas on arts, science, government, and religion
Marie Therese Geoffrin
63
Palace built by Louis XIV to keep nobles closer, seen as a symbol of Divine Right
Palace of Versailles
64
a religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of mortality for society; popular in Switzerland
John Calvin
65
a location where writers, artists, and philosophes exchanged ideas on arts, science, government, and religion during the Enlightenment
Salons
66
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church's practices
Martin Luther
67
Founder of modern political science by emphasizing ideas on how to seize & maintain power in The Prince
Niccolo Machiavelli
68
Martin Luther's statement of principles regarding penance and abuse of indulgences
95 Theses
69
In the Roman Catholic Church, people paid pardon for sins from their lifetimes
Indulgences
70
The religious reform movement within the Catholic Church started in response to Luther's ideas. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline
Counter- Catholic Reformation
71
(1491-1547) King of England, split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy
King Henry the Vlll
72
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations (1776) developing the idea of free trade and free markets with little to no government involvement
Adam Smith
73
French journalist who was a political activist for both women's rights and the abolition of slavery
Olympe De Gouges
74
developed the idea that the government should be split into separate powers and 3 branches in the Spirit of the Laws
Baron de Montesquieu
75
French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice, intolerance, and inequality
Voltarie
76
British feminist who advocated for education & women's rights in Vindication of the Rights of Women
Mary Wollstonecraft
77
A conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament defeated supporters of England's monarchy
English Civil War
78
formed by high officials of the Catholic Church as an assembly to discuss and examine the basic church doctrines and goals from 1545-1563
Council of Trent
79
Makes a military dictatorship as “Lord Protector” after executing Charles l for treason following his victory in the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
80
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, and encouraged science, art, and literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
Catherine the great
81
an Italian city-state and leading cultural center during the Renaissance
Florence
82
Son of Maria Teresa and enlightened despot who ruled over the Austrian empire granting religious equality, freedom of press, and abolished serfdom
Joseph ll
83
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange and creating the modern constitutional monarchy
The Glorious Revolution
84
Government ruled by a few powerful people
Oligarchy
85
A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas
Enlightened Despots
86
Interval between monarchial reigns in England from 1649-1660 when Oliver Cromwell served as a military dictator (time with no king)
interrgunm
87
A belief during the Renaissance that the fame and glory of the individual should be celebrated and displayed
individualism
88
A belief during the Renaissance that emphasized a focus on Ancient Greek and Roman times in art & literature
humanism
89
A belief during the Renaissance that rejected religion and religious considerations in art and literature
secularism
90
assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw
Diet of worms
91
believed that people are born selfish and greedy leading to a need for a strong absolute monarch
Thomas Hobbes
92
Belief that the authority of absolute rulers comes directly from GodBelief that the authority of absolute rulers comes directly from God
Divine Right
93
Prussian monarch who built up a massive military and centralized government, but also introduced freedom of religion, freedom of press, and literature
Frederick the great
94
Known for her defeat of the Spanish Armada and leading Great Britain into the dominant power in the 17th century
Elizabeth l
95
he argued the good of the community outweighed the good of the individual in the Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
96
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by constitutional laws or opposition)
Absolutism
97
King (1625-1649) who had power struggles with Parliament resulting in the English Civil War that led to his beheading in 1649
Charles l
98
A document that gave England a constitutional monarchy based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament that held increased power compared to the monarch
English Bill of Rights
99
a theory that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks that developed in early modern England and Holland
Constiutionalism
100
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs
Scientific revolution
101
Figured out the Earth, and everything else in our universe is revolving around the sun
Nicholas Copernicus
102
First to state the law of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler
103
He proved Copernicus findings with the telescope then developes ideas on laws of gravity
Galileo galilei
104
Studied curculation of blood coming from the heart instead of the liver
William Harvey
105
He defied the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented calculus, and wrote “Principia”
Issac Newton
106
Italian Renaissance artist and architect who advanced portrayals of the human body in pieces such as the Mona Lisa & Vitruvian Man
Leonardo de Vinci
107
(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David
Michelangelo
108
Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens
Raphael
109
15th century Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures and bronze statues such as David
Donatello
110
15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself especially during the Reformation
Printing Press
111
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas in politics and religion
Enlightenment
112
Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time
Philosophes
113
Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy
Laissez-faire
114
leader of Enlightenment in France through publishing the Encyclopedie (1788) which compiled scientific and social knowledge as well as philosophy, math, and psychology
Diderot
115
(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"
Reign of Terror
116
Group of five men who served as the leaders of France followign the execution of Robespierre and later overthrown by Napoleon
The Directory
117
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791) created after the Tennis Court Oath and demanded a new constitution in France
National Assembly
118
French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else
Estates System
119
Destruction of the prison seen as the true start/ symbol of the French Revolution. July 14, 1789
Storming of the Bastille
120
King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. He and his queen were executed in 1793 via guillotine
Louis XVl
121
Leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror
Robespierre
122
Queen of France (originally Austrian, married to Louis XVI), known as Madame Deficit. Put France into more debt due to extravagant and unnecessary spending
Marie antoinette
123
Famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France after they got locked out of the meeting, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Tennis Court Oath
124
A committee established during the French revolution and led by Robespierre to identify and terminate enemies of the republic during the Reign of Terror
Committee of Public Safety
125
he march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread. The king and queen are then sent back to Paris
Women's March on Versailles
126
French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens
declaration of the rights of Man
127
Also known as the Napoleonic Codes, it safeguarded property of the nobility, established freedom of religion, but limited the rights of employees and women and centralized law of France
Civil Code of 1804
128
This was the 100-day battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler
Battle of Waterloo
129
The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land (used by Russia)
Scorched Earth Policy
130
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
Continental System
131
Peninsulare - Creoles - Mestizos - Indians/Africans
Latin American Caste System
132
Leader of the slave rebellion against France in Haiti in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804
Toussaint L'Overture
133
Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule liberated Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador
Simon Bolivar
134
Led revolts for Argentina and Chile and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule
Jose de San Martin
135
Mexican priest and mestizo who led peasants in call for independence against Spanish rule and improved conditions
Miguel Hidalgo
136
The son of the Portuguese king who was left behind in Brazil as regent when his father returned to Portugal. Becomes the first king of Brazil in 1822
Dom Pedro
137
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs in 1815 called to reestablish the old order and redraw the map of Europe after the defeat of Nepoleon
Congress of Vienna
138
hose who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order
liberals
139
A time period of improved quality and quantity of farm products throughout the 1700's
Agricultural Revolution
140
In Great Britain, parliament allowed common land to be purchased by large, wealthy landowners and small, individual farmers were no longer needed
Encloser Movement
141
An increase in the number of people moving to cities for jobs leading to overcrowding in major European cities
Urbanazation
142
A "putting-out" system where one person found raw materials, made a product, found people to buy it, then sold the product themselves
cottage industry
143
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery
Steam Engine
144
First country to take the lead of Industrialization and controlled most trade in the early 1800's
Great Britian
145
The use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane
Child Labor
146
A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, replaced manual labor to keep up with rising population
Factory System
147
Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded
Tenements
148
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten
Mines Act of 1842
149
Laws that limited employment & work hours of young children into cotton industry
Factory Acts
150
The first steam powered locomotive created in 1830 to connect Liverpool and Manchester
The Rocket
151
A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856
Bessemer Process
152
materials and economy needed able workers, free trade of ideas
Causes of Industrialization
153
new technology, transportation, weapons, efficient production
effects of inustrialization
154
Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) as he predicted a new social order that was going to rise against the abuses of capitalism
Karl Marx
155
An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next
Traditional Economy
156
Means of production controlled by both individual and government
Mixed Economy
157
Government owns the means of production and controls everything
Command Economy
158
Individuals own the means of production and the government has limited to no involvement (Smith), economy is driven by the supply/ demand of the consumer
Free Market Economy
159
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country leading many European countries to either revolt or unite during the mid-1800's
Nationalism
160
Mexican (creole) army officer who joined forces w/ the Indians and Mestizos won mexican's independence then claimed himself emperor
Agustin de Iturbide
161
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Industrial Revolution
162
The domination of one country over another either economically, politically, and/or culturally
Imperialism
163
Economic, political, religious, exploratory, ideological
motives of imperlalism
164
A country ruled directly by a foreign power
colony
165
A country ruled indirectly from abroad by a foreign power
protectorate
166
A foreign power controls all trading privileges in the area and exerts political pressure, through telling the leader orders
spheres of influence
167
An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments
economic imperialism
168
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle
social darwinsim
169
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
nationalism
170
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
Berlin Conference
171
A period between 1880-1914 when Europeans invaded, occupied, divided, and colonized Africa territory for natural resources
Scramble for Africa
172
ppointed governor of Egypt by the Ottomans, known as the "father of modern Egypt", introduced new economic reforms and encouraged world trade
Muhammad Ali
173
Built by French and British to increase control after death of Muhammad Ali
British East India Company - British controlled 3/5 of India through this by ignoring religion and creating competition between cultures
Suez Canal
174
Indian troops who served in the British army
Sepoys
175
the revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs
sepoy rebellion
176
British political establishment in India that developed as a result of the Sepoy Rebellion and aimed to modernize India
British Raj
177
Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule
Indian National Congress
178
Organization formed by Muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule and separate themselves from the Hindu led Indian National Congress
Muslim league
179
the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which revolutionaries overthrew. Also known for its extreme isolationism
Qing Dyansty
180
War between Britain and the Qing Empire caused by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; British instituted Treaty of Nanjing after victory
Opium War
181
"unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to pay war damages, grant special rights to the British, and grant 5 ports to them
Treaty of Nanjing
182
Payment China had to pay to Britain for losses/ damages in war
Indemnity
183
Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation
Extraterritoriality
184
A mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan
Taping Rebellion
185
A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory, Japan gained Taiwan
Sino-Japanese War
186
A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country, stopped by British and European powers
Boxer Rebellion
187
Overthrew the Qing Dynasty. He was the first president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912
Sun Yixian
188
Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influence
Tokugawa Shogunate
189
Emperor > Shogun > Daimyo and Samurai > Peasants
Japanese Feudalism
190
Treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships
Treaty of Kanagawa
191
War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control, first time in modern history that an Asian power defeated a European nation, more control over Korea
Russo-Japanese War
192
King Leopold II of this country acquired the massive territory of the Congo as his own private possession, which became one of the most brutal episodes of African colonial history
Belgium
193
Mass murder and attacks led by the Turkish government at start of WWI against the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire leading to over a million Armenians being killed and thousands fleeing to Russia and the Middle East
Armenian Genocide
194
Western Europe's nickname for the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century as nationalism and diversity in the region led to increased conflict and rebellions
Sick Man of Europe
195
According to Europeans, it means using industrial advances and western culture to advance European economic interests in its colonies
Modernization
196
The Dutch Colony in southern Africa taken over by the British during the French Revolution / Napoleonic War
Cape Colony
197
Only African nation to successfully resist European imperialism against the Italian through modernization of its military
Ethiopia
198
The Sick man of Europe which began losing ground to the Russians but was aided by other Europeans during the Crimean War
ottoman empire
199
Father of Indian Nationalism who believed that India could learn from the West and saw value in Western education
Ram Muhan Roy
200
Poppies grown and made into drugs in India and sold to China
Opium Trade
201
After forced to open trade with the US, they began to take control of areas of Asia including Korea, Tawain and Manchuria
Japanese Expansion
202
Expanded into the Pacific region taking control of islands including Hawaii and the Philippines after a war with Spain
US Expansion
