Semester Final Flashcards
An increase in mass
Growth
Multiple tissues in one functioning structure
Organ
The application of science
Technology
Atom or molecule with an electrical charge
Ion
Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures
Isomers
Small simple organic molecules
Monomers
Repelled by water
Hydrophobic
Any 6 carbon sugar
Hexose
What is another name for the Reduction/ Oxidation Reaction?
Redox Reaction
What type of fatty acid has one double bond in a chain?
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
What is “hydrogenated vegetable oil”?
Margarine and Shortening
What is 70% of human body weight?
Water
What type of fatty acid is associated with plant oils?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Most abundant organic molecule on Earth
Cellulose
Any 5 carbon sugar
Pentose
Molecular structures (groups of atoms) incorporated into organic molecules
Functional Group
Line of reasoning using specific information to form broad generalizations
Inductive Reasoning
What is the process of a substance gaining electrons or H atoms
Reduction
What type of fatty acid has carbons bonded by single bonds?
Saturated Fatty Acids
Attracted to water
Hydrophillic
A group of organisms of the same species
Population
What type of fatty acid has 2 or more double bonds in a chain?
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
What is the most common monosaccharide?
Glucose
Substance that resists pH change
Buffer
Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers
Isotopes
In redox reactions, what must occur together?
Reduction and Oxidation
Compound formed when the H+ of an acid is replaced by some other cation
Salt
Atoms held together by sharing electrons
Covalent Bonds
Energy storage carbohydrate produced by animals
Glycogen
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
An atom’s attraction for electrons
Electronegativity
Concept supported by a large amount of physical evidence
Theory
All the living organisms in one place and one time
Community
Sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom (for a particular isotope)
Mass Number
Fungal cell walls and anthropod exoskeletons
Chitin
Outermost shell
Valence Shell
Long chain or network of monomers
Polymer
Any 3 carbon sugar
Triose
What always contains C and H?
Organic Molecules
Molecule composed of C and H only
Hydrocarbons
Weak attraction between a Hydrogen with a partial (weak) positive charge and an Oxygen or Nitrogen with a partial (weak) negative charge
Hydrogen Bond
A community plus the nonliving environment
Ecosystem
What reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another
Redox Reaction
Line of reasoning using accepted generalizations to suggest the outcome of a specific situation
Deductive Reasoning
Ions with a positive charge
Cations
Substance that dissociates and releases OH- ions
Base
All the Earth’s ecosystems
Biosphere
What are radioactive isotopes?
Radioisotopes
What is the isomer of glucose?
Fructose
A carbohydrate and a protein
Glycoprotein
Number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Molarity
When polymers are broken down to monomers
Hydrolysis
What can bond with more elements than any other type of atom?
Carbon
What causes water to be an excellent solvent?
Polarity
Simplifying a problem down to its component parts
Reductionism
Average number of protons plus neutrons in the atoms of an element
Atomic Mass
Characteristics and interactions seen only at higher levels of organization
Emergent Properties
Substance that accepts H+ ions
Base
What transfers information between generations?
DNA
What do adaptations result from?
Evolution
Atoms (ions) held together due to opposite charges
Ionic Bond
When dealing with PET scans, what does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
What changes unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid?
Margarine and Shortening
What is the structure due to hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions?
Tertiary Structure
Change in protein shape and loss of function
Denaturation
Atoms of 2 or more elements bonded together
Compound
The mucus in respiratory and digestive tracts.
Glycoprotein
What are DNA and RNA?
Nucleic Acids
Material in which substances dissolve
Solvent
The sum of the atomic masses of each atom in a molecule
Molecular Mass
What are the 4 major categories of organic molecules in organisms?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
2 rings of sugar
Disaccharide
What type of fatty acid acts as a solid?
Saturated Fatty Acids
The process of a substance losing electrons or H atoms
Oxidation
All chemical activities in an organism; highly controlled; within narrow ranges; not random
Metabolism
What is the process of testing the hypothesis?
Experimenting
Characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive in a particular way of life
Adaptation
What are the two types of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin
What is “partially hydrogenated vegetable oit”?
Trans Fatty Acid
Factor outside the organism or outside the cell
Stimulus
How many natural elements are there?
92
What determines final protein structure?
Sequence of amino acids
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
- Primary Structure
- Secondary Structure
- Tertiary Structure
- Quaternary Structure
What type of fatty acid are not all double bonds broken?
Trans Fatty Acid
What shows areas of metabolic activity and inactivity?
PET scan
Describe the process of hydrolysis
Water is inserted into the polymer and it splits it
Experiment where neither the researcher nor the patients know who is the experimental group or control group
“double blind’ experiment
Changes in a population due to natural selection (environmental pressure) acting on the genetic variation within a population
Evolution
Composed of C, H, O with a 2:1 ratio of H and O
Carbohydrates
Most common type of lipid
Triacylglycerol
Orderly and controlled growth
Development
A carbohydrate and a lipid
Glycolipid
What are the symbols for the orbitals?
s, p, d, and f
Substance that dissolves and releases H+ ions
Acid
Electrons in the valence shell
Valence Electrons
Educated guess; tentative explanation
Hypothesis
Found in the nucleus and is acidic
Nucleic Acids
Composed of one glucose and one fructose
Sucrose
What are the 4 elements that account for 96% of the mass of a living organism?
O, C, H, N
Energy storage carbohydrate produced by plants
Starch
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Out of the animal kingdom, how many species are insects?
Around 900,000
Two monomers bond together forming a larger, more complex organic molecule plus a water molecule
Condensation Reaction
Molecule composed of 1 ring of sugar
Monosaccharide
Field of biology that studies the relationships among organisms
Systemics
What structure has a sequence of amino acids?
Primary Structure
What is the structure of steroids?
4 rings
Fatty acid not made by the human body but required by the body
Essential Fatty Acid
Used in light reception in the eyes
Retinal
The amino acids humans can not synthesize; must be obtained as intact amino acids in the diet
Essential Amino Acids
What is the main function of a triacylglycerol?
It is a highly concentrated energy storage
Number of protons in an atom
Atomic Number
Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
Element
Chemical messengers that transfer information between one part of an organism and another
Hormones
Ions with a negative charge
Anions
How many species are in the animal kingdom?
Around 1,000,000
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance
Specific Heat
The result of adding the solvent to the solute
Solution
An experiment in which some of the individuals are not given the experimental treatment
Controlled Experiment
What is a monomer for polysaccharides?
Monosaccharide
An attempt to understand the physical characteristics of the world based on physical evidence
Science
Composed of one glucose and one galactose
Lactose
Who receives the treatment being tested?
Experimental Group
What type of fatty acid has one or more double bonds between carbons in the chain?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Transmit information by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances
Nerves
Smallest particle with all the characteristics of an element
Atom
Covalently bonded substance
Molecule
What are the levels of organization in order? (From smallest to biggest)
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
Scientific Names
One fatty acid replaced by a phosphate and choline group thus making part of the molecule polar
Phospholipid
Composed of two rings of glucose
Maltose
What does dissociate mean?
To split
Science of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
The dissolved substance
Solute
There are approximately how many named species?
2,000,000
Orderly technique of problem solving used in science
Scientific Method
Substance held together by ionic bonds
Ionic Compound
Substance composed of one type of atom
Element
Who receives the placebo or the current standard treatment?
Control Group
Group of organisms with a high degree of similarity; an intermating population
Species
A group of similar cells
Tissue
How many Essential Amino Acids are there?
9
The yellow/orange plant pigments
Carotenoids
What does RNA stand for?
RiboNucleic Acid
What structure is a polypeptide chain but not yet a protein?
Primary Structure
What type of fatty acid forms a straight line?
Saturated Fatty Acids
What type of structure has helix or sheet folds and bends into a 3 dimensional shape?
Tertiary Structure
What can synthesize all the amino acids?
Bacteria and Plants
What are the 3 components of Nucleotides?
- 5 carbon sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen containing base
What structure does polypeptide chain forms a helix or pleated sheet?
Secondary Structure
What is the structure of a triacylglycerol?
Glycerol (an alcohol) plus 3 fatty acids
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
How do carotenoids function in plants?
They function in photosynthesis
What are the basic building blocks of all life?
Cells
What type of fatty acid has the chain bent at each double bond?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Constant and appropriate internal conditions
Homeostasis
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
What can synthesize 11 of the 20 amino acids?
Human adults
What form unique chambers (organelles) where specialized reactions can occur?
Membranes
Controls cell activities due to DNA
Nucleus
How are cells produced?
By division of preexisting cells
How do carotenoids function in animals?
They form vitamin A and retinal
Double layer membrane with pores
Nuclear Envelope
What type of fatty acid acts as a liquid?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
What type of structure has multiple polypeptide chains bonded together?
Quaternary Structure
One or more polypeptide chains
Protein
Result in the exclusion of water from regions of the polypeptide
Hydrophobic Interactions
Bond between amino acids
Peptide Bonds
Change in DNA sequence within a gene can change the amino acid sequence
Genetics
What controls movement into and out of the cell?
Plasma Membrane
Fluid within the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
What type of structure is due to hydrogen bonds?
Secondary Structure
100’s of amino acids
Polypeptide
What type of fatty acid is associated with animal fats?
Saturated Fatty Acids
Long thin strands of DNA and protein
Chromatin
Large prominent structures in plant cells
Vacuoles
What have a greater tendency to move materials into and out of the cell as needed
Animal Cells
What are the energy conversion organelles in both plants and animals?
Animal- Mitochondria
Plant- Chloroplasts
What is the structure of a peroxisome?
Vesicle like
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
Glucose plus O2 yield ATP CO2 and H2O
Single celled organisms living in fresh water collect and remove water that enters the cell
Contractile Vacuole
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
Outer membrane, Inner membrane with cristae, and matrix
All — cells have mitochondria
Eukaryotic Cells
What do animal cells use to digest worn out parts?
Lysosomes
What provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
What forms food vacuoles in humans?
White Blood Cells
What determines the number of mitochondria per cell?
The energy demands of the cell
What coils and condenses to form chromosomes?
Chromatin
Membrane surrounding a vacuole
Tonoplast
Single celled organisms that ingest particles such as bacteria or organic debris
Food Vacuole
What are the effects of lysosome disease?
- Digestive enzymes are nonfunctional
- Lysosome cannot digest cellular garbage
- Cellular garbage accumulates
- Cell becomes nonfunctional
What are contractile vacuoles?
Single celled organisms living in fresh water collect and remove water that enters the cell
What are the functions of a vacuole in plant cells?
- Storage area within the cell
- Digests worn out cell parts
- Maintains turgor pressure
How do food vacuoles digest the ingested material?
They fuse with lysosomes
What type of cell cannot tolerate high turgor pressure produced by the vacuoles due to the lack of a cell wall?
Animal Cells
How is a secondary lysosome formed?
It is a primary lysosome that joins a food vacuole
What forms a food vacuole?
Single celled organisms that ingest particles such as bacteria or organic debris
Segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a protein
Gene
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Assembles RNA and protein into ribosome subunits
Dark spots within the nucleus
Nucleolus (nucleoli)
Site of protein assembly
Ribosomes
What uncoils to form chromatin?
Chromosomes
What does the nucleolus produce?
RNA for ribosomes
When did microscopes become common tool in biology?
Mid to late 1800’s
What are some structures unique to animal cells?
Lysosomes, Centrioles, Cilia/flagella
What has ribosomes on the outer surface?
Rough ER
What serves as a site for enzymatic reactions?
Membranes
What occupies up to 90% of the cell volume?
Vacuole
How is the primary lysosome formed?
By budding from the Golgi Complex
Cell that are elongated for conducting electrical signals
Nerve Cells
What is the site of aerobic respiration in animal cells?
Mitochondria
What is composed of chromatin coding for ribosomal RNA
Nucleolus (nucleoli)
When was the first microscope invented?
Late 1500’s
What play a role in energy transfer?
Membranes
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digestion of macromolecules, worn out organelles, and worn out proteins
Where are ribosomes located?
They are either free floating or attached to membranes
What is the structure of a vesicle?
Small membranous sacks
When did organelles began to be observed?
Early 1900’s
What produces proteins for secretion (export from cell) and for incorporation into other organelles.
Rough ER
What are ribosomes composed of?
RNA and protein
What type of cells fit together to form a sheet?
Epithelial Cells
The minimum distance between objects that can be seen as separate objects
Resolving Power
Breaking cells apart and separating cellular structures
Cell Fractionation
What produces cell wall components in plants?
Golgi Complex
What is the structure of the lysosome?
Vesicle like
Structures that carry out specific functions in the cell
Organelles
What processes, sorts, and modifies proteins produced in the ER?
Golgi Complex
What triggers apoptosis in animal cells?
Mitochondria
Where is the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae?
Chloroplasts
What is the function of the vesicle?
Transports materials within the cell
Side opposite the ER and nucleus, oriented toward plasma membrane; exit site
Trans Face
What is the structure of the Golgi Complex?
Sacks of flattened membranes
Contolled, genetically programmed cell death; normal process; occurs in epidermis and epithelium, tadpole development, and embryonic development of the fingers
Apoptosis
What is measured in gravity?
Centrifugal Force
Where is DNA contained?
Nucleus
What are some structures unique to plant cells?
Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Large central vacuole
Circular strand of DNA not surrounded by a membrane; not separated from the cytoplasm
Nucleoid
What contains Chloroplasts?
Plants and Algae
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
CO2 plus H2O plus ATP(produced by light energy) yields glucose plus O2
The amount of enlargement of an image
Magnification
Describe Apoptosis
Contolled, genetically programmed cell death; normal process; occurs in epidermis and epithelium, tadpole development, and embryonic development of the fingers
How are vesicles formed?
By budding from larger membranes
A machine that spinns a mixed suspension and separates components by density
Centrifuge
Side adjacent to ER and nucleus; entrance side
Cis Face
When did the electron microscope become common in biology?
1950’s
Type of plastid that is colorless or white, stores oil and starch
Leucoplasts
What does the Thylakoid membrane contain?
Chlorophyll
What is the MTOC in animal cells?
A centrosome containing centrioles
Network of protein fibers
Cytoskeleton
Type of plastid that is red/orange/yellow pigments in fruits and flowers
Chromoplasts
Hair like appendages on outside of cell
Cilia/ Flagella
What plays a role in movement in animal cells?
Cytoskeleton
Concept that mitochondria and chloroplast originated from prokaryotic cells (bacteria)
Endosymbiotic Theory
Cylinders composed of microtubules
Centrioles
Tough, elastic protein fibers
Intermediate Filaments
What are the 3 types of protein?
Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments
What is the structure of a microtubule?
Hollow tube of breadlike proteins
Short and stiff appendages on outside of cell
Cilia
What maintains the shape of the cell in animal cells?
Cytoskeleton
Intertwined strands of bead like proteins
Microfilaments
What does MTOC stand for?
Microtubule Organizing Center
Myosin, moves along actin filaments
Motor Protein
What is the structure of the chloroplasts?
Outer membrane, Inner membrane, Thylakoid, Granum, Stroma
What is the function of microfilaments?
They are associated with movements that change the shape of the cell
What are the functions of microtubules?
- Movement of organelles within the cell
- Cell division; movement of chromosomes
- Movement of cilia and flagella
Long and flexible appendages on outside of cell
Flagella
Undeveloped Plastid
Proplastid
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Maintain cell shape and strengthen cell
What provides energy in plants and algae to assemble glucose from CO2 and H2O?
ATP
Move ions, organic molecules, and polar molecules across membranes
Transport Proteins
When dealing with the functions of membrane proteins, what function deals with movement of materials into and out of cells?
Transport
What are the 3 important molecule that freely diffuse across membranes?
O2, CO2, and H2O
Speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
Allows cells and organelles to be flexible
Fluidity
What are the 3 layers of the cell wall called?
- Middle Lamella
- Primary Cell Wall
- Secondary Cell Wall
What is collagen?
A tough fibrous protein
A phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in the bilayer
Membrane
Molecule with hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions
Amphipathic Molecule
What is the main component of a cell wall?
Cellulose
Gel of carbohydrates and proteins between the cells
Extra Cellular Matrix
When dealing with the functions of membrane proteins, what function connects extra cellular matrix and cytoskeleton
Anchoring
What is a “fluidity buffer” for membranes? What does it do?
Cholesterol; it decreases the effect of temperature change
Protein with a sugar protein
Glycoprotein
A cell covering of polysaccharide chains extending form proteins and lipids in plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
What are the 2 major categories for membrane proteins?
Integral and Peripheral
What is the main component of Extra Cellular Matrix?
Collagen
End product of a metabolic pathway attaches to an enzyme and blocks the pathway
Feedback Inhibition
Type of inhibition that acts as a regulator
Reversible Inhibiton
Molecule that bonds to enzyme and blocks enzymes activities
Inhibitor
An organic cofactor
Coenzyme
An orderly series of reactions
Metabolic Pathway
Endergonic reactions are physically linked to an exergonic reaction because of this reaction
Coupled Reaction
The only compound that can directly provide energy to do cellular work
ATP
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another and it can be transferred
1st Law of Thermodynamics
This type of reaction is a building up process
Anabolic Reaction
Energy releasing reaction
Exergonic Reaction
Stored energy
Potential Energy
What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable form; with every energy transfer some energy is converted to heat; therefore all energy transfers are inefficient
Nonusable energy
Heat
A measure of disorder and disorganization
Entropy
Energy associated with motion
Kinetic Energy
Sum of all the chemical activities in an organism
Metabolism
One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable form; with every energy transfer some energy is converted to heat; therefore all energy transfers are inefficient
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
This type of reaction is a breaking down process
Catabolic Reaction
Total potential energy
Enthalpy
Nonprotein component required by some enzymes
Cofactor
Site on enzyme other than the active site that can affect the functioning of the enzyme
Allosteric site
Energy requiring reaction
Endergonic Reaction
What can lower the amount of Energy of Activation?
Enzymes
The transfer of a phosphate from one compound to another
Phosphorylation
What is the ratio of ATP and ADP in cells?
10:1
Region on enzyme where substrate attaches
Active Site
Inhibitor attaches to allosteric site
Noncompetitive Inhibition
What are the 2 forms of energy?
Potential and Kinetic
What occupies space and has mass?
Matter
Inhibitor competes with substrate for active site
Competitive Inhibition
Usable energy
Free Energy
Reactant acted on by an enzyme
Substrate
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another and it can be transferred.
