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General Biology I > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Long thin strands of DNA + protein

A

Chromatin

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2
Q

Is chromosome number higher, lower, or the same within a species?

A

The same

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3
Q

Cells with homologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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4
Q

What are Homologs?

A

Chromosomes that occur in homologous pairs.

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5
Q

Organizes a rope of packed nucleosomes into tight loops

A

Scaffolding Protein

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6
Q

What does a DNA molecule consist of?

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

Entire set of genes in an organism

A

Genome

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8
Q

What is the formation of the egg cell?

A

Oogenesis

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9
Q

What allows DNA to move through the cell without breakage and loss?

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

What are homologs held together by?

A

Synaptonemal Complex

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11
Q

When cells are not dividing, what form is the DNA in?

A

Chromatin form

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12
Q

What is the formation of the sperm cells?

A

Spermatogenesis

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13
Q

Where are sister chromatids joined together?

A

Centromere

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14
Q

What cells have approx. 6 feet of chromatin?

A

Human Somatic cells

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15
Q

What are spindle fibers?

A

Microtubules

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16
Q

What is the name for the egg cell, plural and singular?

A

Ova (plural) and Ovum (singular)

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17
Q

What is the process of homologous pairs coming together?

A

Synapsis

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18
Q

Chromosomes with the same size, same structure, and genes for the same characteristics

A

Homologous Chromosomes

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19
Q

One homolog came from —-, the other homolog came from —-

A

Mom and Dad

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20
Q

What attaches to kinetochores?

A

Spindle Fibers

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21
Q

What is the only thing that might be different in homologous pairs?

A

The expression of the gene

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22
Q

Nucleosomes coiled like a rope

A

Packed Nucleosomes

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23
Q

DNA tightly looped and coiled to form a highly compact structure

A

Chromosomes

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24
Q

Homologous chromosomes occur only in what?

A

Diploid and higher ploidy levels

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25
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

It is part of the centromere

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26
Q

What cells have approx. 3 feet of chromatin?

A

Human Gamete cells

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27
Q

What is the constricted area on a chromosome?

A

Centromere

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28
Q

Proteins that attach to DNA

A

Histones

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29
Q

The total number of chromosomes are always what?

A

An even number

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30
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

4 Chromatids

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31
Q

What is the formation of the gametes?

A

Gametogenesis

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32
Q

The exchange of chromatid segments between homologs

A

Crossing-over

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33
Q

What has only one chromosome from each homologous pair?

A

Haploid Cells

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34
Q

Histones are attached by what?

A

Opposite Charges

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35
Q

What is the Spindle Apparatus?

A

Microtubules that pull chromosomes through the cell during cell division

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36
Q

How many mammal species has been identified as polyploidy?

A

One

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37
Q

Characteristics of an organism are determined by what?

A

Genetic Information

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38
Q

Exact copies; the two identical strands of a single chromosome

A

Sister Chromatids

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39
Q

What does 2N stand for?

A

Diploid Number

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40
Q

What are body cells?

A

Somatic Cells

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41
Q

How many base pairs is 3 feet of chromatin?

A

3 billion base pairs

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42
Q

DNA thread between nucleosomes

A

Linker DNA

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43
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Deoxyribose
  • One of the 4 bases
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44
Q

Production of enzymes for mitosis occurs in what substage of interphase?

A

Gap 2 (G 2)

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45
Q

Chromosomes are only intact when?

A

During cell division

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46
Q

DNA is uncoiled as chromatin in what stage of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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47
Q

What type of cells are diploid?

A

Somatic cells

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48
Q

Polyploid is rare in what?

A

Fish and amphibians

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49
Q

What does G1 stand for?

A

Gap 1

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50
Q

Events from one cell division to the next

A

Cell Cycle

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51
Q

What is deoxyribose?

A

A 5-carbon suger

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52
Q

Generally species with high chromosome number have — chromosomes?

A

Small

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53
Q

What are sex cells?

A

Gametes

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54
Q

What does N stand for?

A

Number of chromosome sets

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55
Q

Polyploid is most common in what?

A

Plants

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56
Q

How many base pairs is in 6 feet of chromatin?

A

6 billions base pairs

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57
Q

What are the mitosis stages?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

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58
Q

Somatic cells are all the cells except what?

A

Egg and Sperm

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59
Q

Describe the Interphase stage in Mitosis

A
  • Stage when the cell is not dividing
  • Longest stage of the cell cycle
  • DNA is uncoiled as chromatin
  • Nucleus intact; nucleolus present; nuclear intact
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60
Q

What determines traits?

A

proteins

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61
Q

What is the division of the nucleus?

A

Mitosis

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62
Q

Cells with one chromosome from each pair?

A

Haploid

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63
Q

Cells with more than two sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploid

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64
Q

What are tightly coiled and condensed chromatin?

A

Chromosomes

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65
Q

Group of 8 histones wrapped in a DNA

A

Nucleosome

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66
Q

Stage when the cell is not dividing

A

Interphase

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67
Q

What substage of interphase is when cells are permanently in G1 stage?

A

G0

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68
Q

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

A

Gene

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69
Q

What does 1N stand for?

A

Haploid Number

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70
Q

What are the protein strands connecting scaffolding proteins of the homologs.

A

Synaptonemal Complex

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71
Q

What are the 4 types of bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

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72
Q

In mitosis what is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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73
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

74
Q

What do pairs of homologs form?

A

Tetrad

75
Q

What act like a spool for DNA?

A

Nucleosomes

76
Q

What is permanently in G1 substage of interphase?

A

Nerves and Muscles

77
Q

Division of the cytoplasm yielding two new cells

A

Cytokinesis

78
Q

What are some environmental conditions that can affect the cell cycle?

A

Temperature, pH, and nutrition

79
Q

What does the MTOC in animals consist of?

A
  • Centrioles
  • Pericentriolar material
  • Asters
80
Q

What has 2 divisions?

A

Meiosis

81
Q

Describe the MTOC in animals

A

The MTOC is highly organized and structured

82
Q

Highly organized, cylinder consisting of 9 sets of 3 microtubules per set

A

Centrioles

83
Q

What are some external factors affecting the cell cycle?

A
  1. Contact Inhibition
  2. Environmental conditions
  3. Growth factors
84
Q

Cells grow and new organelles are produced in what substage of interphase?

A

G1

85
Q

Describe the MTOC in plants

A

The MTOC has a low level of organization with no distinct structure.

86
Q

Daughter cells are genetically different from mother and from each other in what?

A

Meiosis

87
Q

In meiosis what do the 2 divisions do?

A

1st division reduces chromosome number by 1/2, 2nd division seperates sister chromatids

88
Q

What functions as a kinase only when it is bonded to cyclin?

A

Cyclin Dependent Kinase (Cdk)

89
Q

How does the Cyclin/Cdk complex stimulate cell division?

A
  • Activates proteins that promote cell division

- Inactivates proteins that inhibit cell division

90
Q

What reduces chromosome number by 1/2?

A

Meiosis

91
Q

What substage in interphase are the DNA in the form of single stranded chromatin

A

G1

92
Q

What is “contact inhibition?”

A

Crowding/ noncrowding of cells

93
Q

Some hormones can stimulate — and function as —

A

Cell Division and Growth Factors

94
Q

What does Cdk stand for?

A

Cyclin Dependent Kinase

95
Q

Extracellular substances produced by other cells that stimulate cell division

A

Growth Factors

96
Q

Mitosis occuring without cytokinesis is common in what?

A

Some fungi

97
Q

What are internal factors that control events in the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin and Cdk

98
Q

What stimulates cell division?

A

Cyclin/Cdk complex

99
Q

In interphase, cells are mostly in what stage?

A

G1

100
Q

G2 stands for what when dealing with substages of interphase?

A

Gap 2

101
Q

In what substage of interphase does DNA replicate and histones are synthesized?

A

Synthesis stage (S stage)

102
Q

What produces gametes?

A

Meiosis

103
Q

Form of cell division involved in growth and repair

A

Mitosis

104
Q

When does cytokinesis occur in most plants and animals?

A

Telophase

105
Q

Enzyme that activates or inactivates other proteins by phosphorylation

A

Kinase

106
Q

There is no change in chromosome number in what?

A

Mitosis

107
Q

What produces somatic cells?

A

Mitosis

108
Q

Form of cell division involved in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

109
Q

What is produced when mitosis occurs without cytokinesis?

A

Multinucleate cells

110
Q

What is the longest substage of interphase?

A

G1

111
Q

New sister chromatids are formed in what substage of interphase?

A

Synthesis stage (S stage)

112
Q

What does S mean when dealing with the substages of interphase?

A

Synthesis stage

113
Q

Form of cell division associated with asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

114
Q

How long can a cell be in G1 substage of interphase?

A

Days, months, or years

115
Q

How many unique gametes can each human produce?

A

Over 8 million

116
Q

Daughter cells are exact copies of mother cell and of each other in what?

A

Mitosis

117
Q

What produces 4 new cells?

A

Meiosis

118
Q

What is Independent assortment?

A

The way one pair of homologs sorts into the gametes has no influence on other homologous pairs of chromosomes. The gametes will have one chromosome from each pair in all possible combinations

119
Q

What does MTOC stand for?

A

Microtubule organizing center

120
Q

There is no change in genetic information in what?

A

Mitosis

121
Q

Exchange of chromatid segments between homologs

A

Crossing-over

122
Q

What produces 2 new cells?

A

Mitosis

123
Q

What are thread like proteins?

A

Fibrils

124
Q

What has 1 division?

A

Mitosis

125
Q

What is Cyclin?

A

A family of regulatory proteins

126
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Highly organized, cylinders consisting of 9 sets of 3 microtubules per set

127
Q

What is regulated by complex interactions of external and internal factors that form “checkpoints”?

A

Cell Cycle

128
Q

What are the stages of meiosis (in order) and give detail of either 2N or 1N

A

Interphase (2N), Prophase I (2N), Metaphase I (2N), Anaphase I (2N), Telophase I (2N), Interkinesis, Prophase II (1N), Metaphase II (1N), Anaphase II (1N), Telophase II (1N),

129
Q

– and — are one of the major sets of proteins acting as checkpoints in the cell cycle

A

Cyclin and Cyclin Dependent Kinase (Cdk)

130
Q

The way one pair of homologs sorts into the gametes has no influence on other homologous pairs of chromosomes. The gametes will have one chromosome from each pair in all possible combinations

A

Independent Assortment

131
Q

What are asters?

A

Short microtubules radiating out from the MTOC into the surrounding cytoplasm

132
Q

Consist of thread like proteins called fibrils

A

Pericentriolar material

133
Q

What do checkpoints do?

A
  • Ensure conditions are right for cell division
  • Ensure cell division is needed
  • Ensure DNA is copied correctly during S substage
  • Ensure sister chromatids have seperated during anaphase
134
Q

2N goes to what in Meiosis?

A

1N

135
Q

What changes concentration during the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin

136
Q

Where are the major checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Between G1 and S; G2 and M; M and G1

137
Q

Short microtubules radiating out from the MTOC into the surrounding cytoplasm

A

Asters

138
Q

What bond with Cyclin Dependent Kinase to form Cdk

A

Cyclin

139
Q

What are checkpoints?

A

Complex sets of proteins

140
Q

What is pericentriolar material?

A

It consists of thread like proteins called fibris

141
Q

What stage of meiosis might not occur?

A

Interkinesis

142
Q

At what time in meiosis in females is where meiosis is still incomplete and is completed in response to contact with a sperm cell?

A

When released from the ovary

143
Q

In what stage of meiosis do any traces of nuclei dissapear?

A

Prophase II

144
Q

What forms a cleavage furrow?

A

Animal Cell Cytokinesis

145
Q

In what stage of meiosis is there a very brief, interphase like stage?

A

Interkinesis

146
Q

What pinches the cell into 2 new cells?

A

Animal Cell Cytokinesis

147
Q

Single celled haploid and multicellular diploid

A

Animals

148
Q

Cytokinesis differs between – cells and — cells

A

Plant Cells and Animal Cells

149
Q

At what time in meiosis in females are where individual oocytes develop to become secondary oocytes and the first polar body; oocyte is at metaphase II in the secondary oocyte stage?

A

Beginning of puberty

150
Q

In what stage of meiosis does synapsis occur?

A

Prophase I

151
Q

Cells from meiosis become what?

A

Gametes

152
Q

Multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid

A

Plants

153
Q

In what stage of meiosis do chromosomes form from chromatin?

A

Prophase I

154
Q

Cytokinesis is unequal; each division results in a viable cell with almost all the cytoplasm and a polar body which receives little or no cytoplasm and dies

A

Oogenesis

155
Q

At what time in meiosis of the female are primary oocytes present and at prophase I?

A

At birth

156
Q

In what stage of meiosis do spindle fibers form and attach to kinetochores?

A

Prophase I

157
Q

In what stage of meiosis are sister kinetochores attached to spindle fibers from same pole

A

Metaphase I

158
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

4 haploid cells

159
Q

Multicellular haploid and single celled diploid

A

Some simple eukaryotes

160
Q

In what stage of meiosis does the nuclear membrane dissolve?

A

Prophase I

161
Q

In Oogenesis only one cell out of a potential of 4 cells from meiosis becomes what?

A

Egg cell (Ovum)

162
Q

In what stage of meiosis are chromosomes lined up individually?

A

Metaphase II

163
Q

In what stage of meiosis does tetrads line up on the midplane?

A

Metaphase I

164
Q

In what stage of meiosis do chromosomes become single stranded?

A

Anaphase II

165
Q

In what stage of meiosis does cytokinesis occur resulting in 2 new cells?

A

Telophase I

166
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm

167
Q

In what stage of meiosis are homologs pulled toward opposite poles

A

Anaphase I

168
Q

In what stage of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids seperate?

A

Anaphase II

169
Q

In what stage of meiosis do double stranded chromosomes reach opposite poles?

A

Telophase I

170
Q

(Just Read) Crossing Over process

A

In late prophase I, the synaptonemal complex dissolves which allows centromeres and most of the length of the homologs to seperate from each other. The homologs are still adhering to one another at isolated points along the length of the homologs. At these points the nonsister chromatids cross each other forming an X shape. At these locations the chromatids can break and join with the chromatid of the other homolog. The points where the chromatids cross one another are called chiasmata.

171
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

Telophase

172
Q

In what stage of meiosis do new nuclei start to form?

A

Telophase II

173
Q

In what process does actin protein filaments and myosin motor proteins collect around equator of cell and constrict plasma membrane

A

Animal Cell Cytokinesis

174
Q

The points where the chromatids cross one another

A

Chiasmata

175
Q

In what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

176
Q

What process forms a cell plate?

A

Plant Cell Cytokinesis

177
Q

What are the proteins involved in muscle contraction?

A

Actin and Myosin

178
Q

In what stage of meiosis might have a slight tendency to form new nuclei?

A

Telophase I

179
Q

In what process does the cell plate develop into a cell wall?

A

Plant Cell Cytokinesis

180
Q

Does Animal Cell Cytokinesis or Plant Cell Cytokinesis have a rigid wall?

A

Plant Cell Cytokinesis

181
Q

1N cells can go through mitosis in some organisms such as —,— and —

A

Fungi, protists, and a very limited set of plants

182
Q

In what process do vesicles from Golgi Complex fuse together across middle of cell; vesicles contain cell material

A

Plant Cell Cytokinesis

General Biology I (2 decks)

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