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Biology > Semester Exam Biology > Flashcards

Semester Exam Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that has mass and volume; made of atoms

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

made by atoms of 2 or more elements bonded together

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3
Q

What’s an ion?

A

an atom with a net charge due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons. the number of electrons is not equal to the number of protrons

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4
Q

What is a negative ion?

A

when there’s more electrons than protons; atom that gains an electron

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5
Q

What is a positive ion?

A

when there’s more protons than electrons; when an atom loses an electron

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6
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

energy connections that hold atoms together

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7
Q

What is a neutral atom?

A

an atom that has no charge

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8
Q

What are atoms?

A

the smallest part that makes up matter

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9
Q

What are the parts of an atom?

Where are they located?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

protons and neutrons are in the center of an atom and electrons orbit the protons and neutrons

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10
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons found in the outer most energy level

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11
Q

Why don’t noble gases form compounds?

A

they don’t like to give up electrons; their outer shell of electrons is filled

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12
Q

What are examples of noble gases?

A

helium, neon argon, krypton, xenon, radon, ununoctium

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13
Q

What are examples of halogens?

A

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, ununseptium

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14
Q

What forms ionic bonds?

A

metals and non metals

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15
Q

What forms covalent bonds?

A

2 non metals

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16
Q

What’s the difference between chlorine and a chloride ion?

A

chlorine has 17 protons and neutrons. a chloride ion has 17 proteins and 18 neutrons

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17
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

anything made of carbon

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18
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a molecule that consists of repeated/linked units

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19
Q

What is used to test sugar? What tested positive?

A

benedicts solution; apple juice

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20
Q

What is used to test starch? What tested positive?

A

iodine; potato

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of microscopes? What microscope do we use in class?

A

TEM, SEM, and compact light; compact light

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22
Q

What is the benefit of using electron microscopes?

A

they’re more accurate

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23
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of something across the membrane

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24
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water

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25
Q

Define hypotonic

A

larger

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26
Q

Define isotonic

A

equal

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27
Q

Define hypertonic

A

smaller/shrink

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28
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

a diffusion with a carrier protein; can’t divide through a cell membrane

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29
Q

What is active transport?

A

when the concentration gradient goes from low to high

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30
Q

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

so that the cell can intake nutrients, but also carry out things/ get rid of waste

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31
Q

Why should a cell be small?

A

so that it can effectively intake nutrients; one cell can’t perform multiple tasks

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32
Q

What is the cell theory

A

a scientific theory which describes the properties of a cell.

  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of the organism
  3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
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33
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

when a cell is is at equal balance

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34
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

has membrane bound organelles; happens in animal/plant cells

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35
Q

What is prokaryotic cell?

A

has non-membrane organelles; happens in bacteria

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36
Q

What is an organelle?

A

a well-defined, intercellular bodies that perform certain functions

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37
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

allows certain molecules to enter/leave the cell

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38
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

keeps organelles in their place

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39
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

brain of the cell

40
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

gives the cell energy

41
Q

What does the ER do?

A

intracellular highway for molecules to move about the cell

42
Q

What does the ribosomes do?

A

build proteins

43
Q

What does the golgi body do?

A

packages and transports molecules

44
Q

What does the lysosomes do?

A

break down large molecules

45
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

assist in photosynthesis

46
Q

What does the central vacuole do?

A

help in intracellular digestion and release of cellular waste products

47
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

aids in maintaining shape and protects the cell

48
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

49
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle

50
Q

How do a plant and animal cell differ?

A

they differ in shape; plant cell have chloroplasts

51
Q

What is being measured?

A

the independent variable

52
Q

What is kept the same?

A

the controlled variable

53
Q

What is being changed?

A

the dependent variable

54
Q

Why do cells need energy?

A

to accomplish the tasks of life

55
Q

What is the source of all energy?

A

the sun

56
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate; the energy currency of life

57
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

plants, algae, and many bacteria

58
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

animals, fungi, and many bacterias

59
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

converts glucose to pyruvate

60
Q

Why do glycolysis occur?

A

the krebs cycle requires pyruvate

61
Q

What must be present for cellular respiration to occur?

A

oxygen

62
Q

What is fermentation?

A

the becteria’s form of photosynthesis

63
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

h2o + light + co2 –> sugar + oxygen

64
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

65
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplast

66
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

a green pigment found in plant cells; aids in photosynthesis

67
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that are biological catalysts

68
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a single molecule of DNA

69
Q

What is the role of a histone?

A

to package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes

70
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

a copy of a duplicated chromosmes

71
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the middle part of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together

72
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA after it’s compacted by histones

73
Q

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a human? Haploid?

A

46;23

74
Q

What is binary fission?

A

how prokaryotes reproduce

75
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the division of cytoplasm and organelles

76
Q

What are gametes?

A

reproductive haploid cells that unite with other reproductive haploid cells to form a zygote

77
Q

Why does cytokinesis occur?

A

so that cells can divide in order to reproduce

78
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

when a cell has only 1 set of chromosomes

79
Q

How many cells are produced from mitosis?

A

2

80
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

81
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

a picture of a person’s chromosomes

82
Q

When does cytokinesis begin?

A

when a new nuclear envelope is formed

83
Q

What are spindle fibers?

A

the microtubes that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell

84
Q

What is a cell plate?

A

the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division in a plant cell

85
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

mitosis occurs in somatic cells and makes 2 diploid cells; meiosis makes sex cells and results in 4 haploid cells

86
Q

What is crossing over?

A

the change of genetic homologous chromosomes during meiosis

87
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

prophase 1 of meiosis

88
Q

How does crossing over ensure genetic recombination?

A

it has different pairs of genes than it’s parents

89
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

when combinations of traits are taken from both parent cells

90
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

a group of 4 chromosomes formed by synapsis at the beginning of meiosis

91
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

92
Q

What is the structural name of DNA

A

a double-helix

93
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

organic molecules that serve as monomers of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA

94
Q

What are the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide?

A

a five carbon ribose sugar, a phosphate molecule, and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases

95
Q

What is base pairing?

A

when the pair of complimentary nitrogenous bases connect; a purine is linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine

Biology (2 decks)

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