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Semester Exam Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that has mass and volume; made of atoms

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

made by atoms of 2 or more elements bonded together

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3
Q

What’s an ion?

A

an atom with a net charge due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons. the number of electrons is not equal to the number of protrons

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4
Q

What is a negative ion?

A

when there’s more electrons than protons; atom that gains an electron

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5
Q

What is a positive ion?

A

when there’s more protons than electrons; when an atom loses an electron

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6
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

energy connections that hold atoms together

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7
Q

What is a neutral atom?

A

an atom that has no charge

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8
Q

What are atoms?

A

the smallest part that makes up matter

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9
Q

What are the parts of an atom?

Where are they located?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

protons and neutrons are in the center of an atom and electrons orbit the protons and neutrons

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10
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons found in the outer most energy level

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11
Q

Why don’t noble gases form compounds?

A

they don’t like to give up electrons; their outer shell of electrons is filled

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12
Q

What are examples of noble gases?

A

helium, neon argon, krypton, xenon, radon, ununoctium

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13
Q

What are examples of halogens?

A

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, ununseptium

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14
Q

What forms ionic bonds?

A

metals and non metals

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15
Q

What forms covalent bonds?

A

2 non metals

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16
Q

What’s the difference between chlorine and a chloride ion?

A

chlorine has 17 protons and neutrons. a chloride ion has 17 proteins and 18 neutrons

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17
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

anything made of carbon

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18
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a molecule that consists of repeated/linked units

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19
Q

What is used to test sugar? What tested positive?

A

benedicts solution; apple juice

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20
Q

What is used to test starch? What tested positive?

A

iodine; potato

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of microscopes? What microscope do we use in class?

A

TEM, SEM, and compact light; compact light

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22
Q

What is the benefit of using electron microscopes?

A

they’re more accurate

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23
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of something across the membrane

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24
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water

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25
Define hypotonic
larger
26
Define isotonic
equal
27
Define hypertonic
smaller/shrink
28
What is facilitated diffusion?
a diffusion with a carrier protein; can't divide through a cell membrane
29
What is active transport?
when the concentration gradient goes from low to high
30
Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?
so that the cell can intake nutrients, but also carry out things/ get rid of waste
31
Why should a cell be small?
so that it can effectively intake nutrients; one cell can't perform multiple tasks
32
What is the cell theory
a scientific theory which describes the properties of a cell. 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of the organism 3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
33
What is homeostasis?
when a cell is is at equal balance
34
What is a eukaryotic cell?
has membrane bound organelles; happens in animal/plant cells
35
What is prokaryotic cell?
has non-membrane organelles; happens in bacteria
36
What is an organelle?
a well-defined, intercellular bodies that perform certain functions
37
What does the cell membrane do?
allows certain molecules to enter/leave the cell
38
What does the cytoplasm do?
keeps organelles in their place
39
What does the nucleus do?
brain of the cell
40
What does the mitochondria do?
gives the cell energy
41
What does the ER do?
intracellular highway for molecules to move about the cell
42
What does the ribosomes do?
build proteins
43
What does the golgi body do?
packages and transports molecules
44
What does the lysosomes do?
break down large molecules
45
What does the chloroplast do?
assist in photosynthesis
46
What does the central vacuole do?
help in intracellular digestion and release of cellular waste products
47
What does the cell wall do?
aids in maintaining shape and protects the cell
48
What are the levels of organization?
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
49
What are the 4 types of tissue?
epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
50
How do a plant and animal cell differ?
they differ in shape; plant cell have chloroplasts
51
What is being measured?
the independent variable
52
What is kept the same?
the controlled variable
53
What is being changed?
the dependent variable
54
Why do cells need energy?
to accomplish the tasks of life
55
What is the source of all energy?
the sun
56
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate; the energy currency of life
57
What are autotrophs?
plants, algae, and many bacteria
58
What are heterotrophs?
animals, fungi, and many bacterias
59
What is glycolysis?
converts glucose to pyruvate
60
Why do glycolysis occur?
the krebs cycle requires pyruvate
61
What must be present for cellular respiration to occur?
oxygen
62
What is fermentation?
the becteria's form of photosynthesis
63
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
h2o + light + co2 --> sugar + oxygen
64
Where does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
65
Where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplast
66
What is chlorophyll?
a green pigment found in plant cells; aids in photosynthesis
67
What are enzymes?
proteins that are biological catalysts
68
What is a chromosome?
a single molecule of DNA
69
What is the role of a histone?
to package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes
70
What is a chromatid?
a copy of a duplicated chromosmes
71
What is a centromere?
the middle part of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together
72
What is chromatin?
DNA after it's compacted by histones
73
What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a human? Haploid?
46;23
74
What is binary fission?
how prokaryotes reproduce
75
What is cytokinesis?
the division of cytoplasm and organelles
76
What are gametes?
reproductive haploid cells that unite with other reproductive haploid cells to form a zygote
77
Why does cytokinesis occur?
so that cells can divide in order to reproduce
78
What is a haploid cell?
when a cell has only 1 set of chromosomes
79
How many cells are produced from mitosis?
2
80
What are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
81
What is a karyotype?
a picture of a person's chromosomes
82
When does cytokinesis begin?
when a new nuclear envelope is formed
83
What are spindle fibers?
the microtubes that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell
84
What is a cell plate?
the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division in a plant cell
85
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis occurs in somatic cells and makes 2 diploid cells; meiosis makes sex cells and results in 4 haploid cells
86
What is crossing over?
the change of genetic homologous chromosomes during meiosis
87
When does crossing over occur?
prophase 1 of meiosis
88
How does crossing over ensure genetic recombination?
it has different pairs of genes than it's parents
89
What is genetic recombination?
when combinations of traits are taken from both parent cells
90
What is a tetrad?
a group of 4 chromosomes formed by synapsis at the beginning of meiosis
91
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick
92
What is the structural name of DNA
a double-helix
93
What are nucleotides?
organic molecules that serve as monomers of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
94
What are the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide?
a five carbon ribose sugar, a phosphate molecule, and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases
95
What is base pairing?
when the pair of complimentary nitrogenous bases connect; a purine is linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine

Biology (2 decks)

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