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Genetics > Semester Exam 2022 > Flashcards

Semester Exam 2022 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells that supply new cells as an organism grows and also replace cells that get damaged in that area

A

Adult Stem Cells (ASC)

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2
Q

A 3-5 day old embryo that we get ESC from is called a

A

blastocyst

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3
Q

The main controversy of the HGP when it began was

A

the money it would cost and take away from the private sector

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4
Q

Who was the individual that led the original undertaking of the HGP

A

Francis Collins

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5
Q

T or F - Genetic signals are responsible for turning on to tell ESC what type of cell to become

A

true

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6
Q

Cells that are completely undifferentiated and can develop into any cell type in the body

A

embryonic stem cell

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7
Q

All ASC are —- which means that cells can change into some, but not all cell types of the body. They can only make cells in their tissue of origin

A

multipotent

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8
Q

What was the main goal of the Human Genome Project
(written)

A

to map out and make the entire human genome (DNA) available to all

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9
Q

When a stem cell divides they have 2 unique properties about them, what are they?
(written)

A
  1. one cell stays the same and the other can differentiate
  2. they can divide again and again and still work the same
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10
Q

There are some limitations to using ASC, list 2
(written)

A
  1. they can only become like cells (blood cells -> blood cells)
  2. not as versatile or durable
  3. not as numerous and harder to find
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11
Q

list 2 impacts of the HGP has had on the medical community
(written)

A
  1. ability to see where diseases occur in the DNA
  2. ability to test drugs and medicines for research and cures
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12
Q

There are many hopes for stem cell research by the scientific community, list 3 things they are expecting to happen with stem cell therapy
(written)

A
  1. ability to create replacement organs and tissue
  2. understand basic biology of living things
  3. be able to discover diseases and treat them correctly
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13
Q

What is the HapMap project and why is it important
(written)

A

this project was between many countries and helped determine how humans evolved through testing their DNA as well as showing similarities between living things

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14
Q

basic unit of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA are called

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

approximately how many genes make up humans

A

25,000

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16
Q

sequences of DNA that code for the making of proteins are called

A

genes

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17
Q

structures that contain DNA and proteins that package and manage storage, duplication, and expression of DNA are called

A

chromosomes

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18
Q

DNA within the entire collection of chromosomes in each cell of any organism is known as a

A

genome

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19
Q

What was the name of the project that mapped out all genes on our chromosomes, that took over 12 years to complete

A

Human Genome Project

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20
Q

cells that don’t have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles are

A

prokaryotic

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21
Q

the study of the genomes of an organism

A

genomics

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22
Q

give one example of relatedness of all living organisms

A

we all have eyes

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23
Q

list 2 benefits that genomic sequencing is having on us and will have on us in the future

A
  1. we can tell if people are predisposed to certain diseases
  2. we will know where to turn on and off certain genes if needed and continue research in each gene area
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24
Q

3 examples of model organisms for genetic research

A

round worms, mice, and fruit flies

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25
Q

3 qualities why those organisms listed above are good models for genetic research

A

small, short reproductive cycle, many offspring, easy to handle, good genetic variation

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26
Q

what does a punnett square not show

A

the actual results of a genetic cross

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27
Q

what principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s inheritance

A

principle of independent assortment

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28
Q

offspring that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits

A

are called bybrids

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29
Q

when mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all of the offspring were tall because

A

the allele for tall plants is dominant

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30
Q

the principles of probability can be used to

A

predict the traits of offspring produced by genetic crosses

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31
Q

what is a genetic cross between and individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive

A

a testcross

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32
Q

if alleles did not segregate during gamete formation

A

all of mendel’s F2 would have been tall

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33
Q

what was one of the most significant conclusions that mendel drew from his research

A

traits are inherited in discrete units, one from each parent

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34
Q

gametes have

A

one allele for each chromosome

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35
Q

black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What proportion of the offspring of the cross BbTt x BBtt will have black fur and long tails?

A

8/16

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36
Q

what is the probability that four coins will come up heads when flipped simultaneously

A

1/16

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37
Q

a segment of DNA that controls a particular trait

A

gene

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38
Q

the different forms of the same gene are called

A

alleles

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39
Q

— is the likelihood that a particular event will occur

A

probability

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40
Q

individuals with 2 identical alleles for a trait are known as

A

homozygous

41
Q

a chart showing the gene combinations that are possible from a genetic cross

A

punnett square

42
Q

the physical appearance of an organism is known as its

A

phenotype

43
Q

a chart that shows the relationships of a gene within a family is a

A

pedigree

44
Q

a form of gene that is expressed if it is present

A

dominant

45
Q

list the 2 rules of probability

A
  1. you only get expected ratios for large numbers of trials
  2. previous events do not affect future outcomes
46
Q

Mendel developed 4 principles that still apply to genetics today. List and explain all 4

A
  1. Biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from generation to generation
  2. principle of dominance - when 2 unlike factors responsible for a single character are present (dominant allele is present it will always be seen, recessive only when 2 are present)
  3. segregation occurs = separation of alleles during gamete formation (each received one copy of a factor)
  4. Independent Assortment - during gamete formation genes for different traits segregate independently of one another (1 gene does not influence the affect of another gene)
47
Q

selective breeding produces

A

desired traits in offspring

48
Q

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

A

inbreeding

49
Q

these structures in bacteria recognize certain nucleotide sequences and cut foreign DNA at those sites

A

restriction enzymes

50
Q

on an electrophoresis gel, DNA band B is closer to the positive end of the gel than band A. what is true about their size

A

band B is smaller than band A

51
Q

naturally occurring pieces of circular DNA found outside the main chromosome in bacteria

A

plasmid

52
Q

this type of cloning occurs when a gene or length of DNA molecule is cloned

A

molecular

53
Q

the process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that

A

no 2 people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA

54
Q

gene therapy is successful if the

A

replacement gene is expressed in the persons cell

55
Q

the polymerase chain reaction is important because it allows us to

A

make many copies of small amounts of DNA

56
Q

It is theoretically possible for a gene from any organism to function in any other organism. why is this possible?

A

all organisms have the same genetic code

57
Q

separates molecules by movement due to size and electrical charge

A

gel electrophoresis

58
Q

recognize and cut at specific sequences of nucleotides in the DNA molecule

A

restriction enzymes

59
Q

produces many copies of a gene for basic research or for a large scale production of a gene product

A

gene cloning

60
Q

this technology creates a small piece of guide RNA that binds to a specific target sequence in a cell’s DNA that is recognized by the Cas9 enzyme to cut the DNA at that site

A

CRISPR

61
Q

This type of selective breeding will increase genetic variation

A

hybridization

62
Q

Humans making changes in the DNA of a living organism is called

A

genetic engineering

63
Q

the replacement of absent or faulty genes with normal working genes is known as

A

gene therapy

64
Q

production of identical copies of the original, it could be molecular, cellular or on an organism level

A

cloning

65
Q

process of a cell taking DNA from an outside source and making it part of its own DNA, is called

A

transformation

66
Q

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

A

inbreeding

67
Q

this type of cloning produces identical cell lines, not entire organisms

A

cellular

68
Q

explain the significance of the discovery of restriction enzymes in bacteria to genetic engineering

A

restriction enzymes are very important for gel electrophoresis. The bacteria that produce them are plentiful which makes it easier to get the enzymes. these enzymes are used to cut DNA to find certain genes and can be used in paternity cases, fingerprinting and so on.

69
Q

explain how gel electrophoresis works

A

gel electrophoresis starts in PCR where the DNA is amplified. The amplified DNA is then put in wells on an agarose gel. In the gel the DNA will be cut by a restriction enzyme. DNA is placed towards the negative end of the gel and runs to the positive when an electric current is added. this current separates the DNA according to the restriction enzyme placed on it and spreads out into bands. Bands farther down along the gel will be smaller and more positive, they also travel faster due to a smaller, less negative size.

70
Q

in the early 1900s one of the main reasons most scientists believed proteins were carriers of genetic information was that

A

proteins were believed to be much more complex molecules that nucleic acids

71
Q

transformation involves

A

the transfer of genetic material, often from one cell to another

72
Q

in his work with Streptococcus pneumoniae and mice, Griffith found that

A

some heat-stable chemical from the S strain was transferred to the live R strain bacteria

73
Q

in trying to determine whether DNA or proteins were the genetic material Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts

A

DNA contains Phosphorus, but proteins do not

74
Q

Scientists responsible for growing special types of bacteriophages w/ special 23p and 35s isotopes to find that DNA was for sure genetic material

A

Hershey and Chase

75
Q

scientists that published the DNA structure

A

watson and crick

76
Q

a DNA molecule of an organism has thymine as 30% of its bases. What percentage of its bases would be guanine

A

20%

77
Q

in DNA, the designations 3’ and 5’ refer to the

A

bonds formed between phosphate groups and carbon atoms of deoxyribose

78
Q

which of the following does not apply to the Watson and Crick model of DNA

A

purines will always bond with purines

79
Q

what is a nucleotide found in DNA

A

deoxyribose, phosphate group and cytosine

80
Q

which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5’ —-> 3’ direction

A

DNA polymerase

81
Q

the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes made of DNA and proteins

A

chromatin

82
Q

spots in eukaryotic DNA where replication starts

A

replication forks

83
Q

what is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome

A

a chromosome contains hundreds of genes which are composed of DNA

84
Q

which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

85
Q

transcription involves the transfer of information from

A

DNA to mRNA

86
Q

A particular triplet of bases in the DNA molecule is AGT. What is the corresponding triplet in the complementary strand of DNA

A

TCA

87
Q

what are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called

A

exons

88
Q

RNA differs from DNA in that RNA

A

contains ribose as its sugar
contains uracil instead of thymine

89
Q

what happens during the process of translation

A

mRNA information is used to produce proteins

90
Q

the enzyme responsible for carrying out transcription

A

RNA polymerase

91
Q

which of the following is not a gene mutation : inversion, deletion, insertion, substitution, or frameshift

A

inversion

92
Q

which gene mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect on the functioning of a protein

A

a base deletion near the beginning of a coding sequence

93
Q

which component is NOT directly involved in the process known as translation : mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes, or DNA

A

DNA

94
Q

the process of making an exact copy of DNA is called

A

replication

95
Q

the 2 DNA strands are called — because their backbones run in the opposite direction

A

anti-parallel

96
Q

the 3 nucleotide bases on the tRNA molecule that is complementary to mRNA is called an

A

anticodon

97
Q

all nucleic acids are made of individual building blocks called

A

nucleotides

98
Q

Watson and Crick used this scientists X-ray diffraction of DNA to help determine the structure of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

Genetics (4 decks)

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