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Genetics > Forensics Final Exam > Flashcards

Forensics Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What must a medical examiner possess?

A

medical degree

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2
Q

The first step taken for the external examination of the body in an autopsy includes:

A

broad overview of the condition of the body and clothing

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3
Q

the goal of this is to determine the cause of death and confirm the manner of death and often used in criminal proceedings

A

forensic autopsy

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4
Q

a pinkish discoloration of the skin and smell of burnt almonds could lead to a pathologist to suspect which of the following?

A

cyanide poisoning

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5
Q

When evaluating a gunshot wound what is the most important characteristic to analyze

A

estimated range of fire

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6
Q

a sharp force injury will most likely come from a

A

glass piece

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7
Q

what factors can help to determine if a victim was alive during a fire

A

levels of carbon monoxide in the lungs

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8
Q

homicide, suicide, accident, natural and undetermined are all categories of

A

manner of death

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9
Q

a pathologist would expect rigor mortis to disappear after – hours

A

36

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10
Q

which is not a manner of death

A

drowning

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11
Q

what part of a decedent’s body resists rapid decomposition and is used by forensic anthropologists to provide information about the decedent

A

bones

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12
Q

insect evidence should be collected

A

at the scene by a forensic entomologist or trained investigator

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13
Q

to determine the gender of skeletal remains, a forensic anthropologist can examine all of the following areas of the skeleton except

A

vertebrae

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14
Q

typically about an hour after death, the deceased body loses heat at a rate of approximately – until the body reaches the environmental temperature

A

1-1 1/2 F per hour

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15
Q

all of the following are features found in female skeletons, which does not belong

A

jaw angle is approximately 90 degrees

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16
Q

this serial killer is known to have killed more people than any other serial killer by giving them fatal doses of heroin and morphine

A

harold shipman

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17
Q

condition that involves the interference with the intake of oxygen

A

asphyxiation

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18
Q

this focuses on the internal organ findings and medical conditions

A

medical/ clinical autopsy

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19
Q

this formed when the weapon produces an injury that is longer than it is deep

A

cut

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20
Q

the circumstances that led to the fatal result and is the culmination of the complete investigation

A

manner of death

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21
Q

death intentionally caused by another person is typically called a

A

homicide

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22
Q

rigor mortis refers to the – of the body

A

stiffness/ stiffening

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23
Q

– refers to the loss of heat by the body after death

A

algor mortis

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24
Q

the examination of a body after death

A

autopsy

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25
Q

distinguish between cause of death and manner of death

A

cod- refers to the specific action taken to result in death, could be gunshot wound, asphyxia, blunt force trauma.
MOD- overall term written on a death certificate, describes the way death occurred, general classification. homicide, suicide, natural, accidental, and undetermined

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26
Q

the first step that an officer takes when approaching a crime scene is to

A

check the body, if there is one, and get medical attention if needed

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27
Q

the purpose of documenting the chain of custody of evidence is

A

to make sure that the evidence is admissible in court

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28
Q

which of the following is not a duty of the first responder to a crime scene

A

packaging evidence from the scene

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29
Q

a written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence

A

chain of custody

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30
Q

testimonial evidence is

A

a statement made under oath by a competent witness

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31
Q

if evidence has class characteristics

A

it has more probative value than direct evidence

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32
Q

some common types of physical evidence are

A

fibers, glass, soil, bones, toolmarks, drugs, documents, DNA

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33
Q

if a forensic scientist can piece together broken up pieces of glass from a bottle that was used as a weapon, it has

A

individual characteristics

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34
Q

material that can be associated with only a group of items that share properties or characteristics

A

class evidence

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35
Q

all of the following are examples of pattern evidence but one, which does not belong

A

temperature

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36
Q

physical evidence is considered to have – as that of eyewitness (testimonial) evidence

A

greater value

37
Q

physical evidence whose origin is known, that can be compared to crime-scene evidence

A

reference/ standard sample

38
Q

state the difference between class and individual evidence and give an example of each

A

CE- only be related back to a group, properties with a common source. shoe prints, type size
IE- relates to a specific person or manufacturer. any DNA, semen, saliva

39
Q

a fingerprint pattern that has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit

A

whorl

40
Q

a fingerprint pattern where all ridges come in one side and exit the other side

A

arch

41
Q

pattern that has at least on ridge entering one side and exiting the same side

A

loop

42
Q

most common print pattern

A

loop

43
Q

fingerprints found on the skin would be classified as

A

latent

44
Q

characteristics of ridge patterns are known as

A

minutiae

45
Q

what would be the best way of visualizing a print found on a matchbook

A

ninhydrin

46
Q

what would be the best way of visualizing a print found on a glass bottle

A

dusting/lifting, superglue fuming

47
Q

fingerprints found in blood would be classified as

A

visible

48
Q

fingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils, invisible to the naked eye until developed are known as

A

latent

49
Q

the computerized system used by the FBI to search a fingerprint database of more than 70 million criminal subjects is known as

A

IAFIS

50
Q

a fingerprint that can be easily seen

A

visible print

51
Q

a triangular pattern of ridges found in all loop and whorl patterns

A

delta

52
Q

a radial loop

A

opens towards the thumb side of the hand

53
Q

the most commonly encountered ridge characteristics used by AFIS are the

A

bifurcation and ridge ending

54
Q

the most commonly encountered ridge characteristics used by AFIS are the

A

bifurcation and ridge ending

55
Q

the most common ridge pattern is the

A

loop

56
Q

which of the following is not a ridge characteristic

A

core

57
Q

the ridges on your hands, feet, and lips are made from these structures

A

dermal papille

58
Q

the area found at the center of all loop and whorl patterns is called the

A

core

59
Q

the study f fingerprint patterns is called

A

dactyloscopy

60
Q

fingerprints left in dust would be

A

visible

61
Q

all of the ridge characteristics of a fingerprint are known as

A

minutiae

62
Q

explain the 3 fundamental principles of fingerprints

A

1) fingerprints are an individual characteristic - no 2 people have the same print, as the ridges appear differently
2) fingerprints do not change throughout ones lifetime - always will be the same and will only be altered due to scarring
3) fingerprints have general ridge characteristics that allow them to be systematically classified (arch, loop, whorl)

63
Q

evidence is

A

anything that tends to establish or disprove a fact

64
Q

what are the functions of a forensic scientist

A

to provide expert testimony & to examine evidence found and recovered at a crime scene

65
Q

the case that decided what evidence is allowed in court depends on what is “generally accepted” by a relevant scientific community

A

frye vs the united states

66
Q

who established the first workable crime laboratory

A

locard

67
Q

infractions can be punishable by

A

fines

68
Q

all of the following are examples of felony except

A

vandalism

69
Q

which entity maintains the largest crime lab in the world

A

FBI

70
Q

in the case of daubert vs merrel dow, the us supreme court advocated that a “gatekeeper” determines the admissibility and reliability of scientific evidence. the gatekeeper is

A

the trial judge

71
Q

the study of sudden unexplained or violent death

A

forensic pathology

72
Q

whenever 2 objects come into contact with eachother, and traces are exchanged

A

locard exchange principle

73
Q

this type of law is made by judicial opinions and precedents

A

common law

74
Q

a breach of a right, duty, or law

A

violation

75
Q

these laws are considered to be the “laws on the books”

A

statutory law

76
Q

the following are all miranda rights except

A

if you decide to answer questions without an attorney you can’t request one later

77
Q

this is the name that is given to a minor offense such as theft

A

misdemeanor

78
Q

the first act in a criminal proceeding, where the defendant is brought before the court to hear charges and enter a plea

A

arraignment

79
Q

this type of law is remedial or preventative and includes injunctions

A

equity law

80
Q

the – unit applies principles and techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime scene evidence

A

physical science

81
Q

what factors does the court usually take into consideration as sufficient grounds for qualification as an expert witness

A

experience, training, education

82
Q

specially trained personnel called – are employed by some crime labs on 24 hour call to retrieve evidence and have all the proper tools and supplies for proper collection and packaging of evidence at their disposal

A

crime scene investigators

83
Q

the study and application of science to a matter of law

A

forensic science

84
Q

a hearing before a magistrate or judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial, occurs after arraignment

A

preliminary hearing

85
Q

rights guaranteed by the constitution that police must tell arrestees about

A

miranda rights

86
Q

in evidence law it is relevant and significant

A

material evidence

87
Q

this is the revision of the frye standard

A

daubert vs merrell dow pharmacueticals

88
Q

2 rulings that deal with scientific evidence as admissible. list and explain both and the differences between them

A

frye vs us - first court ruling to determine the admissibility of evidence. allows evidence in based on “general acceptance” in the science community and is decided upon by a jury
daubert vs merrell dow - revised frye standard. trial judge gets final say on admission of evidence based on 5 reasons. evidence still needs to be accepted but there are other factors. relevant, competent
these rulings took place 70 years apart, many felt that it was time for a change with the new tech and various adaptations, which are shown in the daubert ruling

89
Q

2 rulings that deal with scientific evidence as admissible. list and explain both and the differences between them

A

frye vs us - first court ruling to determine the admissibility of evidence. allows evidence in based on “general acceptance” in the science community and is decided upon by a jury
daubert vs merrell dow - revised frye standard. trial judge gets final say on admission of evidence based on 5 reasons. evidence still needs to be accepted but there are other factors. relevant, competent
these rulings took place 70 years apart, many felt that it was time for a change with the new tech and various adaptations, which are shown in the daubert ruling

Genetics (4 decks)

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