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AP World History > Semester Exam 1 > Flashcards

Semester Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Humans have to _________ to their environment because of the changes in climates and conditions

A

Adapt

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1
Q

Hot,dry weather;arid climate
Dark skin; curly hair; large noses( helps them live in hot climates)
In the 19th century they were very close to getting wiped out by the white Australians

A

Austrailoid (Tasmanian/ Aborigine)

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2
Q

How old is the earth

A

4.6 billion years old

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3
Q

How old are humans

A

4 million years old

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4
Q

First human? Found where? Name? By who? When?

A 
Hominid
Ethiopia/ Eastern Africa 
Lucy
Donald Johnason 
1974
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5
Q

What is science belief of how the world started

A

Big Bang theory

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6
Q

What are religious beliefs of how the world started

A

Creation stories

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7
Q

What is the lifestyle where people roamed from place to place, what they did during the Paleolithic era

A

Nomadic lifestyle

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8
Q

What was the dominant lifestyle during the Paleolithic era

A

Hunting and gathering; stone-tool making (gender roles)

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9
Q

What is the oldest era

A

Paleolithic

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10
Q

When did the Neolithic era start

A

10,000 years ago 8,000 B.C.

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11
Q

What marks the Neolithic era

A

Agriculture/ farming

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12
Q

What was the efficient war to clear land

A

Fire

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13
Q

What did the people domesticate during the Neolithic era

A

Animals

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14
Q

Moving from one place to another

A

Migration

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15
Q

Where did human life begin

A

AfRica

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16
Q

Southern tip of continental Africa
Hot, dry climate; not as intense as Australian outback
Dark skin; curly hair

A

Capoid

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17
Q

Central Africa
Hot, wet climate; close proximity to equator.(that’s why it’s wet and hot)
Very dark skin; tightly curled hair

A

Congoid

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18
Q

“Cold desert” of continental Asia
Different tints to color of skin; Asian & Native American
Reflection of the sun leads to unique physical characteristics(a lot of sun causes eye to squint which causes Asians to have tiny eyes

A

Mongoloid

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19
Q

Caucus Mountains the natural geographic barrier between Asia & Europe.
Migration west into 3 geographic areas of continental Europe

A

Caucasoid

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20
Q

Colder climate
Lighter skin;straighter hair
Scandinavian, English, Scottish, Irish

A

Caucasoid- Nordic (Northern Europe)

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21
Q

Alps Mountains; moderate climate; warmer, less bitter

Swiss, Polish,German, Slavic

A

Caucasoid- alpine (Central Europe)

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22
Q

Warm climate; darker skin, thick hair

Spanish, Portuguese, Italian,Greek

A

Caucasoid- Mediterranean (Southern Europe)

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23
Q

What goes hand in hand

A

History and geography

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24
Q

lines that run horizontal and measure distance north and south of the equator.

A

Latitude

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25
Q

lines that run vertical and measure distance east and west from Prime Meridian (Greenwich, England)

A

Longitude

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26
Q

the development, transmission, and transformation of practices & events

A

History

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27
Q

best writing possible for historians (journals, diaries)

A

Primary source documents

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28
Q

Everything before invented systems of writing

A

Prehistory

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29
Q

Oldest source of writing is how old

A

5,000 years old

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30
Q

the study of the past through past artifacts (material objects)

A

Archaeology

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31
Q

Historians study what

A

Writing

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32
Q

What allows a civilization to grow and expand? (Having more than enough)

A

Surplus

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33
Q

Where is the best land found

A

River-valleys

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34
Q

a collection of city-states under the control of a single ruler

A

Empire

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35
Q

“Land between two rivers”

Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Iraq)

A

Mesopotamia

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36
Q

What is Mesopotamia often referred as

A

Fertile Crescent

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37
Q

First documented people

A

Sumerians

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38
Q

Southern mesopatamia was what

A

City-states of Sumar

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39
Q

built to honor gods; multi-story, mud-brick, pyramid shaped tower approached by ramps or stairs or both. They are temples.

A

Ziggurats

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40
Q

wedge-shaped symbols that represent words or syllables (Mesopotamia)

A

Cuneiform

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41
Q

Greatest ruler of Babylonian empire? What did he create

A

Hammurabi. Hammurabi code

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42
Q

Two groups who invaded Mesopotamia

A

1st: Hittites
2nd: Assyrians

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43
Q

2nd greates ruler of mesopatamia? What does he have built

A

Nebuchadnezzar; hanging gardens of Babylon

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44
Q

What River was gifted to Egypt

A

Nile

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45
Q

Which way does the Nile flow? Who was more rural and agricultural Mesopatamia or Egypt

A

South to north

Egypt

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46
Q

Good fertile soil along the banks of the Nile is? What surrounds Egypt

A

Black land

Red land/ desert

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47
Q

What floods every spring in lower Egypt (Northern Egypt)

A

Delta

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48
Q

Good fertile soil

A

Silt

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49
Q

Upper and lower Egypt was unified by

A

King Menes

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50
Q

Ancient Egyptian ruler is? What were they considered as

A

Pharoah

gods on earth

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51
Q

Preserving of the dead

A

Mummification

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52
Q

divinely authorized order of the universe; religious beliefs tied to the physical environment

A

Ma’at

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53
Q

The age that is known as the Old kingdom

A

Pyramid age

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54
Q

orders construction of the first pyramid to serve as his tomb.
Name of pyramid

A

Pharaoh Djozer

Pyramid of Khufu (pyramid of Giza)

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55
Q

The Middle Kingdom was known as the?

A

Great age

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56
Q

First queen of New Kingdom secretly

A

Queen Hatshepsut

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57
Q

considered one of the greatest pharaohs (greatest because he was a military leader). Son of queen Hatshepsut

A

Ramses II

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58
Q

writing system that combines logographic and alphabetic elements (Egypt)

A

Hieroglyphics

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59
Q

reed that grew long the banks of the Nile

A

Papyrus

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60
Q

family of languages (where their spoken language reported back too.) (Egypt)

A

Semitic

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61
Q 
Natural geographic border of India from China in the
North(covers most of India)
East
South
West
A

Himalayan mountains
Bay of Bengal
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea

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62
Q

First civilization to develop in India. Who contains this now?

A

Indus River valley

Pakistan

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63
Q

Indus River valley was the first to grow

A

Cotton

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64
Q

2nd civilization in India develops in

A

Ganges River valley

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65
Q

seasonal winds accompanied by a great deal of moisture/rainfall (Ganges has these: 3 separate harvests)

A

Monsoons

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66
Q

First system in Indian history known as the
Classifies by
Classification levels

A

Varna system
Color of skin
Aryas-light skin/ Daras- dark skin

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67
Q

Varna is later replaced by

Classifies by

A

Caste system

Occupation

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68
Q

Hinduism founder and sacred text

A

No founder or sacred text

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69
Q

Creator of life
Destroyer of life
Preserver of life

A

Brahma
Shiva
Vishnu

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70
Q

Ultimate goal of Hinduism

Freeing yourself from selfish desires the most important

A

To achieve moksha

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71
Q

Hinduism believed in the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form

A

Reincarnation

72
Q

a ranked existence; symbolized by a wheel

A

Karma

73
Q

Enlightened one

A

Buddha

74
Q

First Buddha

A

Siddhartha Gautama

75
Q

After Siddhartha Gautama meditated under the tree he came up with this and became Buddha

A

4 noble truths

76
Q

Ultimate goal of Buddhism is to achieve

A

Nirvana

77
Q

What Follows collapse of Indus River Valley Civilization

India invaded by various nomadic tribes

A

Vedic age

78
Q

Empire that becomes most powerful/influential

Time period of peace and prosperity

A

Gupta empire

79
Q

Gupta empire establish first ____________________ in Indian history

A

Powerful national army

80
Q

Gupta empire establishes the ruling of
(Emphasis placed on lavish ceremonies, extravagance, etc.
Done in order to show off the benefits of the empire)

A

Theater state

81
Q

Geographic barriers of China
North
East
South

A

Gobi desert
Pacific Ocean
Himalayan mountains

82
Q

River located in northern China

A

Huang he (yellow) River

83
Q

monsoons with heavy amounts of rainfall leads to the growing of rice, this happens here?

A

Southern China

84
Q

River located in souther China

A

Yangtze River

85
Q

Chinese invented this (biggest export)

A

Silk-making

86
Q

Earliest written record of Chinese civilization is traced back to this dynasty

A

Shang dynasty

87
Q

pictures that represent objects or concepts

Various tribes throughout China that speak a variety of dialects

A

Pictograms (ideograms)

88
Q

turmoil, chaos, warfare between various Chinese kingdoms during the Zhou Dynasty

A

Warring states period

89
Q

political system in which strict laws are enforced by harsh punishments (Zhou dynasty; China)

A

Legalism

90
Q

Qin dynasty rises out of the warring states period

First Qin emperor takes the title of Shi Huangdi which means ___________

A

First emperor

91
Q

Shi Huangdi abolishes this act

First born son takes land

A

Primogeniture

92
Q

Shi Huangdi orders the construction of

A

Great Wall of china

93
Q

first emperor of the Han Dynasty
Brings back peace, order, stability to China
Considered a “golden age” of Chinese civilization

A

Lui bang

94
Q

Confucius is a
Who’s concerned with
Emphasizes

A

Teacher/philosopher
social order/stability and the relationship between society and government
Emphasizes family and state
Emphasizes family relationships

95
Q

ruler should continue to rule so long as he remains a wise and principled ruler

A

Mandate of Heaven

96
Q

written collection of philosophies and teachings of Confucius by his students

A

The analects

97
Q

Han dynasty based their teaching on

A

Confucius

98
Q

network of trade routes that connects Asia with Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and Europe

A

Silk Road

99
Q

Follow the dao or “path”

A

Daoism

100
Q

complementary nature of male and female roles in the natural order.

A

Yin and yang

101
Q

Ancient Persia is modern-day

A

Iran

102
Q 
Persia mountain entities 
North 
South
Bodies of water in the
North
South
A

Caucus mountains
Zargos mountains

Caspian Sea
Persian gulf

103
Q

1st tribe to reach a complex level of political organization (Persia)

A

Medes

104
Q

1st ruler to unify various Persian tribes; overthrows Media rulers

A

King Cyrus

105
Q

Each province ruled by a _________ (local governor)

A

Satrap

106
Q

Becomes known as the law giver

Cyrus’ cousin

A

Darius

107
Q

Darius orders construction of the

A

Royal road

108
Q

Ancient Phoenicia would include portions of modern day

A

Palestine, Syria, Lebanon (Holy Land)

109
Q

When translated, means “red men”

A

Phoinikes, Phoenician

110
Q

Phoenicians are known for

A

Textile making

111
Q

Phoenicians were first to develop the

A

Alphabet

112
Q

Phoenicians will eventually expand their influence by migrating west and founding
Modern day

A

Carthage

Tunisia ( North Africa)

113
Q

rule by the wealthy elite of society

A

Oligarchy

114
Q

Landowning elite

A

Aristocracy

115
Q

Greatest of the Carthaginian explorers is

Sail across Mediterranean thru

A

Hanno

Strait Gibralter

116
Q

Minoan civilization based on the island of

A

Crete

117
Q

“halfway” between Greek mainland and

A

North Africa

118
Q

Capital of Crete was

A

Conossus

119
Q

Minoan’s:
language
Known for
Story

A

Unknown language
Port city; naval fleet
King Minos and Labyrinth

120
Q 
Kingdom of Mycenae is located on the
(2nd civilization)
Language
Best known for fighting
After the war who took over them
A

Greek mainland ( southern Greece)
Linear B
Trojan war
Dorians

121
Q

Dorians lead to the

A

Dark age

122
Q

Dark Age characterized by Greek

A

Poverty, depopulation, and isolation

123
Q

Is characterized by a Greek comeback

They renew contact with Phoenicia

A

Archaic period

124
Q

Greeks its lifeblood; not a river-valley like previous ancient civilizations

A

Mediterranean Sea

125
Q

Greeks become known for their growing of

A

Olive trees and grapevines

126
Q

Greek top exports

A

Wine and olive oil

127
Q

city-state and its surrounding area

A

Polis

128
Q

hilltop refuge (tall hill)

A

Acropolis

129
Q

market or gathering place

A

Agora

130
Q

armored infantrymen who fought in close formation; leads to the creation of the

A

Hoplites

Phalanx

131
Q

Believed in communicating with gods through the ___________ and that they lived atop Mt. Olympus

A

Oracles

132
Q

Darius decides to invade the Greek mainland and lands at

A

Marathon

133
Q

Messenger(s) sent to Sparta to seek reinforcements (150 miles in 2 days)

A

Pheidippides

134
Q

Darius’ son _________ renews conflict with Greece 10 years later

A

Xerxes

135
Q

300 Spartans defend the mountain pass at

A

Themopylae

136
Q

formulates a plan to defeat the Persians

A

Themosticles

137
Q

Greeks lure the Persians into the ____________ with a _______

A

Strait of salamis

Traitor

138
Q

provides written accounts of Persian wars

__________ still referred to this day as the “________” of history in the western tradition

A

Herodotus

Father

139
Q

organization of Greek city-states with Athens as the leader

A

Delian league

140
Q

political leaders of Greek city-states

A

Tyrants

141
Q

Athenian diplomat; rules from 460-429 B.C.

Considered the golden age of Persians

A

Pericles

142
Q

ruled by the citizenry

A

Democracy

143
Q

Citizens were

A

Free, native-born, adult males

144
Q

Spartan forms ___ in order to counter the power of Athens

A

Peloponnesian league

145
Q

Peloponnesian war was between

A

Athens and Spartans

146
Q

teaching by questioning; way to seek truth and self-knowledge
Accused of corrupting the youth Athens
Sentenced to death; forced to drink hemlock (poison)

A

Socratic method

Socrates

147
Q

Prized(best) student of Socrates
Author of The Republic- his description of the ideal state
Doesn’t trust democracy because of what happened to Socrates

A

Plato

148
Q

Who founded the academy

A

Plato

149
Q

Prized student of Plato

Felt the best government was rule by a strong and virtuous leader

A

Aristotle

150
Q

educational institution dedicated to the study of various branches of knowledge
University system now known as today
Who founded it

A

Lyceum

Aristotle

151
Q

temple built to honor Athena; patron of the city-state of Athens

A

Parthenon

152
Q

Combination of the study of language, literature, philosophy, history, and art

A

Humanities

153
Q

Educated as a boy by Aristotle; becomes both a learned scholar and fierce warrior
Invades Persia; continuing the legacy of his father
Persia has a superior navy so he tries to move battle toward land
Lays siege to Persian naval bases and port cities as well
Invades and conquers land all the way to India
Then turns his attention toward Egypt (“breadbasket” of the Mediterranean region)

A

Alexander the Great

154
Q

Alexander’s death causes the empire to split into three dynasties called
Which ushers in the

A

Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid dynasties

Hellenistic age

155
Q

What becomes the greatest city of the Hellenistic Age

A

Alexandria, Egypt

156
Q

Who founded Rome and where were they left abandoned

A

Romulus and Remus

Tiber River

157
Q

site of Rome Romulus and Remus argue over rival claims to this land site

A

Seven original hills

158
Q

Region just to the north of Rome

Romeo form of government

A

Etruria

Republican form

159
Q

representative of the people

A

Republican

160
Q

make/create laws; they are a legislator; law maker

Governing body of Rome

A

Senate

161
Q

landowning elite of Rome

A

Patricians

162
Q

Lower-class majority of Roman society are known as

A

Plebeians

163
Q

In time of crisis this would be chosen to rule

A

Dictator

164
Q

Was a military dictator twice

Turned his sword in for a plow shear

A

Lucius Quincitius Cincinnatus

165
Q

Councils that have the ability to veto laws passed by the Senate

A

Tribunes

166
Q

basic unit of the Roman army is the legion (5,000-6,000 men)

A

Legion

167
Q

Rivalry between who begins to develop for the Punic wars

What did they both want

A

Rome and Carthage

Control of Mediterranean Sea

168
Q

“Jewel” of the Mediterranean is the island of Sicily

A

Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily

169
Q

first great general of Carthage

A

Hamilcar Barca

170
Q

Roman senator ended every speech with Carthago delenda est…” (Carthage must be destroyed

A

Cato

171
Q

Large estates owned by wealthy elite and worked by slave labor

A

Latifundia

172
Q

Conquers the territory of Gaul after 9 years of fighting

A

Julius Caesar

173
Q

Rather than dissolve the Senate, Caesar has them declare him

A

Dictator for life

174
Q

Formation of the 2nd Triumvirate

A

Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus ally with one another in order to bring Caesar’s murderers to justice

175
Q

Octavian takes the title

Meaning

A

Caesar Augustus (exalted one)
Princeps (first citizen)
imperator (commander of the armed forces)
Pontifex Maximus (chief priest)

176
Q

Reign of Augustus is considered the beginning of the

A

Pax Romana

177
Q

Roman military now shifts from what to what because of Augustus

A

Offensive to defensive

AP World History (3 decks)

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