Semester Exam 1 Flashcards
Humans have to _________ to their environment because of the changes in climates and conditions
Adapt
Hot,dry weather;arid climate
Dark skin; curly hair; large noses( helps them live in hot climates)
In the 19th century they were very close to getting wiped out by the white Australians
Austrailoid (Tasmanian/ Aborigine)
How old is the earth
4.6 billion years old
How old are humans
4 million years old
First human? Found where? Name? By who? When?
Hominid Ethiopia/ Eastern Africa Lucy Donald Johnason 1974
What is science belief of how the world started
Big Bang theory
What are religious beliefs of how the world started
Creation stories
What is the lifestyle where people roamed from place to place, what they did during the Paleolithic era
Nomadic lifestyle
What was the dominant lifestyle during the Paleolithic era
Hunting and gathering; stone-tool making (gender roles)
What is the oldest era
Paleolithic
When did the Neolithic era start
10,000 years ago 8,000 B.C.
What marks the Neolithic era
Agriculture/ farming
What was the efficient war to clear land
Fire
What did the people domesticate during the Neolithic era
Animals
Moving from one place to another
Migration
Where did human life begin
AfRica
Southern tip of continental Africa
Hot, dry climate; not as intense as Australian outback
Dark skin; curly hair
Capoid
Central Africa
Hot, wet climate; close proximity to equator.(that’s why it’s wet and hot)
Very dark skin; tightly curled hair
Congoid
“Cold desert” of continental Asia
Different tints to color of skin; Asian & Native American
Reflection of the sun leads to unique physical characteristics(a lot of sun causes eye to squint which causes Asians to have tiny eyes
Mongoloid
Caucus Mountains the natural geographic barrier between Asia & Europe.
Migration west into 3 geographic areas of continental Europe
Caucasoid
Colder climate
Lighter skin;straighter hair
Scandinavian, English, Scottish, Irish
Caucasoid- Nordic (Northern Europe)
Alps Mountains; moderate climate; warmer, less bitter
Swiss, Polish,German, Slavic
Caucasoid- alpine (Central Europe)
Warm climate; darker skin, thick hair
Spanish, Portuguese, Italian,Greek
Caucasoid- Mediterranean (Southern Europe)
What goes hand in hand
History and geography
lines that run horizontal and measure distance north and south of the equator.
Latitude
lines that run vertical and measure distance east and west from Prime Meridian (Greenwich, England)
Longitude
the development, transmission, and transformation of practices & events
History
best writing possible for historians (journals, diaries)
Primary source documents
Everything before invented systems of writing
Prehistory
Oldest source of writing is how old
5,000 years old
the study of the past through past artifacts (material objects)
Archaeology
Historians study what
Writing
What allows a civilization to grow and expand? (Having more than enough)
Surplus
Where is the best land found
River-valleys
a collection of city-states under the control of a single ruler
Empire
“Land between two rivers”
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Iraq)
Mesopotamia
What is Mesopotamia often referred as
Fertile Crescent
First documented people
Sumerians
Southern mesopatamia was what
City-states of Sumar
built to honor gods; multi-story, mud-brick, pyramid shaped tower approached by ramps or stairs or both. They are temples.
Ziggurats
wedge-shaped symbols that represent words or syllables (Mesopotamia)
Cuneiform
Greatest ruler of Babylonian empire? What did he create
Hammurabi. Hammurabi code
Two groups who invaded Mesopotamia
1st: Hittites
2nd: Assyrians
2nd greates ruler of mesopatamia? What does he have built
Nebuchadnezzar; hanging gardens of Babylon
What River was gifted to Egypt
Nile
Which way does the Nile flow? Who was more rural and agricultural Mesopatamia or Egypt
South to north
Egypt
Good fertile soil along the banks of the Nile is? What surrounds Egypt
Black land
Red land/ desert
What floods every spring in lower Egypt (Northern Egypt)
Delta
Good fertile soil
Silt
Upper and lower Egypt was unified by
King Menes
Ancient Egyptian ruler is? What were they considered as
Pharoah
gods on earth
Preserving of the dead
Mummification
divinely authorized order of the universe; religious beliefs tied to the physical environment
Ma’at
The age that is known as the Old kingdom
Pyramid age
orders construction of the first pyramid to serve as his tomb.
Name of pyramid
Pharaoh Djozer
Pyramid of Khufu (pyramid of Giza)
The Middle Kingdom was known as the?
Great age
First queen of New Kingdom secretly
Queen Hatshepsut
considered one of the greatest pharaohs (greatest because he was a military leader). Son of queen Hatshepsut
Ramses II
writing system that combines logographic and alphabetic elements (Egypt)
Hieroglyphics
reed that grew long the banks of the Nile
Papyrus
family of languages (where their spoken language reported back too.) (Egypt)
Semitic
Natural geographic border of India from China in the North(covers most of India) East South West
Himalayan mountains
Bay of Bengal
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
First civilization to develop in India. Who contains this now?
Indus River valley
Pakistan
Indus River valley was the first to grow
Cotton
2nd civilization in India develops in
Ganges River valley
seasonal winds accompanied by a great deal of moisture/rainfall (Ganges has these: 3 separate harvests)
Monsoons
First system in Indian history known as the
Classifies by
Classification levels
Varna system
Color of skin
Aryas-light skin/ Daras- dark skin
Varna is later replaced by
Classifies by
Caste system
Occupation
Hinduism founder and sacred text
No founder or sacred text
Creator of life
Destroyer of life
Preserver of life
Brahma
Shiva
Vishnu
Ultimate goal of Hinduism
Freeing yourself from selfish desires the most important
To achieve moksha
Hinduism believed in the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form
Reincarnation
a ranked existence; symbolized by a wheel
Karma
Enlightened one
Buddha
First Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama
After Siddhartha Gautama meditated under the tree he came up with this and became Buddha
4 noble truths
Ultimate goal of Buddhism is to achieve
Nirvana
What Follows collapse of Indus River Valley Civilization
India invaded by various nomadic tribes
Vedic age
Empire that becomes most powerful/influential
Time period of peace and prosperity
Gupta empire
Gupta empire establish first ____________________ in Indian history
Powerful national army
Gupta empire establishes the ruling of
(Emphasis placed on lavish ceremonies, extravagance, etc.
Done in order to show off the benefits of the empire)
Theater state
Geographic barriers of China
North
East
South
Gobi desert
Pacific Ocean
Himalayan mountains
River located in northern China
Huang he (yellow) River
monsoons with heavy amounts of rainfall leads to the growing of rice, this happens here?
Southern China
River located in souther China
Yangtze River
Chinese invented this (biggest export)
Silk-making
Earliest written record of Chinese civilization is traced back to this dynasty
Shang dynasty
pictures that represent objects or concepts
Various tribes throughout China that speak a variety of dialects
Pictograms (ideograms)
turmoil, chaos, warfare between various Chinese kingdoms during the Zhou Dynasty
Warring states period
political system in which strict laws are enforced by harsh punishments (Zhou dynasty; China)
Legalism
Qin dynasty rises out of the warring states period
First Qin emperor takes the title of Shi Huangdi which means ___________
First emperor
Shi Huangdi abolishes this act
First born son takes land
Primogeniture
Shi Huangdi orders the construction of
Great Wall of china
first emperor of the Han Dynasty
Brings back peace, order, stability to China
Considered a “golden age” of Chinese civilization
Lui bang
Confucius is a
Who’s concerned with
Emphasizes
Teacher/philosopher
social order/stability and the relationship between society and government
Emphasizes family and state
Emphasizes family relationships
ruler should continue to rule so long as he remains a wise and principled ruler
Mandate of Heaven
written collection of philosophies and teachings of Confucius by his students
The analects
Han dynasty based their teaching on
Confucius
network of trade routes that connects Asia with Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and Europe
Silk Road
Follow the dao or “path”
Daoism
complementary nature of male and female roles in the natural order.
Yin and yang
Ancient Persia is modern-day
Iran
Persia mountain entities North South Bodies of water in the North South
Caucus mountains
Zargos mountains
Caspian Sea
Persian gulf
1st tribe to reach a complex level of political organization (Persia)
Medes
1st ruler to unify various Persian tribes; overthrows Media rulers
King Cyrus
Each province ruled by a _________ (local governor)
Satrap
Becomes known as the law giver
Cyrus’ cousin
Darius
Darius orders construction of the
Royal road
Ancient Phoenicia would include portions of modern day
Palestine, Syria, Lebanon (Holy Land)
When translated, means “red men”
Phoinikes, Phoenician
Phoenicians are known for
Textile making
Phoenicians were first to develop the
Alphabet
Phoenicians will eventually expand their influence by migrating west and founding
Modern day
Carthage
Tunisia ( North Africa)
rule by the wealthy elite of society
Oligarchy
Landowning elite
Aristocracy
Greatest of the Carthaginian explorers is
Sail across Mediterranean thru
Hanno
Strait Gibralter
Minoan civilization based on the island of
Crete
“halfway” between Greek mainland and
North Africa
Capital of Crete was
Conossus
Minoan’s:
language
Known for
Story
Unknown language
Port city; naval fleet
King Minos and Labyrinth
Kingdom of Mycenae is located on the (2nd civilization) Language Best known for fighting After the war who took over them
Greek mainland ( southern Greece)
Linear B
Trojan war
Dorians
Dorians lead to the
Dark age
Dark Age characterized by Greek
Poverty, depopulation, and isolation
Is characterized by a Greek comeback
They renew contact with Phoenicia
Archaic period
Greeks its lifeblood; not a river-valley like previous ancient civilizations
Mediterranean Sea
Greeks become known for their growing of
Olive trees and grapevines
Greek top exports
Wine and olive oil
city-state and its surrounding area
Polis
hilltop refuge (tall hill)
Acropolis
market or gathering place
Agora
armored infantrymen who fought in close formation; leads to the creation of the
Hoplites
Phalanx
Believed in communicating with gods through the ___________ and that they lived atop Mt. Olympus
Oracles
Darius decides to invade the Greek mainland and lands at
Marathon
Messenger(s) sent to Sparta to seek reinforcements (150 miles in 2 days)
Pheidippides
Darius’ son _________ renews conflict with Greece 10 years later
Xerxes
300 Spartans defend the mountain pass at
Themopylae
formulates a plan to defeat the Persians
Themosticles
Greeks lure the Persians into the ____________ with a _______
Strait of salamis
Traitor
provides written accounts of Persian wars
__________ still referred to this day as the “________” of history in the western tradition
Herodotus
Father
organization of Greek city-states with Athens as the leader
Delian league
political leaders of Greek city-states
Tyrants
Athenian diplomat; rules from 460-429 B.C.
Considered the golden age of Persians
Pericles
ruled by the citizenry
Democracy
Citizens were
Free, native-born, adult males
Spartan forms ___ in order to counter the power of Athens
Peloponnesian league
Peloponnesian war was between
Athens and Spartans
teaching by questioning; way to seek truth and self-knowledge
Accused of corrupting the youth Athens
Sentenced to death; forced to drink hemlock (poison)
Socratic method
Socrates
Prized(best) student of Socrates
Author of The Republic- his description of the ideal state
Doesn’t trust democracy because of what happened to Socrates
Plato
Who founded the academy
Plato
Prized student of Plato
Felt the best government was rule by a strong and virtuous leader
Aristotle
educational institution dedicated to the study of various branches of knowledge
University system now known as today
Who founded it
Lyceum
Aristotle
temple built to honor Athena; patron of the city-state of Athens
Parthenon
Combination of the study of language, literature, philosophy, history, and art
Humanities
Educated as a boy by Aristotle; becomes both a learned scholar and fierce warrior
Invades Persia; continuing the legacy of his father
Persia has a superior navy so he tries to move battle toward land
Lays siege to Persian naval bases and port cities as well
Invades and conquers land all the way to India
Then turns his attention toward Egypt (“breadbasket” of the Mediterranean region)
Alexander the Great
Alexander’s death causes the empire to split into three dynasties called
Which ushers in the
Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid dynasties
Hellenistic age
What becomes the greatest city of the Hellenistic Age
Alexandria, Egypt
Who founded Rome and where were they left abandoned
Romulus and Remus
Tiber River
site of Rome Romulus and Remus argue over rival claims to this land site
Seven original hills
Region just to the north of Rome
Romeo form of government
Etruria
Republican form
representative of the people
Republican
make/create laws; they are a legislator; law maker
Governing body of Rome
Senate
landowning elite of Rome
Patricians
Lower-class majority of Roman society are known as
Plebeians
In time of crisis this would be chosen to rule
Dictator
Was a military dictator twice
Turned his sword in for a plow shear
Lucius Quincitius Cincinnatus
Councils that have the ability to veto laws passed by the Senate
Tribunes
basic unit of the Roman army is the legion (5,000-6,000 men)
Legion
Rivalry between who begins to develop for the Punic wars
What did they both want
Rome and Carthage
Control of Mediterranean Sea
“Jewel” of the Mediterranean is the island of Sicily
Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily
first great general of Carthage
Hamilcar Barca
Roman senator ended every speech with Carthago delenda est…” (Carthage must be destroyed
Cato
Large estates owned by wealthy elite and worked by slave labor
Latifundia
Conquers the territory of Gaul after 9 years of fighting
Julius Caesar
Rather than dissolve the Senate, Caesar has them declare him
Dictator for life
Formation of the 2nd Triumvirate
Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus ally with one another in order to bring Caesar’s murderers to justice
Octavian takes the title
Meaning
Caesar Augustus (exalted one)
Princeps (first citizen)
imperator (commander of the armed forces)
Pontifex Maximus (chief priest)
Reign of Augustus is considered the beginning of the
Pax Romana
Roman military now shifts from what to what because of Augustus
Offensive to defensive
