Semester 2 Module 1 - Memory Flashcards
What are the three parts of the division of memory processes?
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
How can memory systems be distinguished?
Duration- sensory, long-term, short-term
Modality- visual, auditory, verbal, etc.
Type of detail stored- episodic, semantic, procedural
What is encoding?
The process of transforming any information into a code representation.
What is storage?
the process of storing the encoded representation in memory.
What is retrieval?
process of retrieving stored representation and reconstructing the event.
Explain the multi-store model of memory, Atkison & Shiffrin (1968).
A well-known model that provided a simple schematic illustration of human memory. In the model sensory is registered, from there, it either decays if not attended to or moves to short term memory store through attention. Once in the short-term memory store, information is either lost through displacement or rehearsed until it moves to long-term memory store. Here memory can remain indefinitely or eventually be lost through inference and forgetting.
Explain sensory memory/stores.
Very limited holds information for a very brief period of time. information may be iconic memory (visual) or echoic (auditory).
According to Miller (1956), what is the capacity of short term memory?
7 items, plus or minus 2. (5-9).
Explain long term memory.
No known limit on capacity, coding is semantic, forgetting happens slowly.
What is some of the support for the multi-store model of memory?
the main support for the distinction between short term and long term memory comes from studies of brain-damaged patients. Some patients had impaired STM but intact LTM and vice versa, if memory is unitary this should not occur.
What is double dissociation?
Some people perform well on task A and poorly on task B, while others may perform poorly on task A but well on task B.
What are some of the limitations of the multi-store model of memory?
Oversimplified in suggesting that STM and LTM stores are unitary. assumes that STM is the gateway to LTM. States that STM is the store of consciousness, meaning unconsciously processed information should not make it to LTM. Assumes most LTM info got there through rehearsal and the list goes on.
Explain the working memory model Baddely & Hitch (1974).
Working memory refers to a brain and cognitive system that allows both temporary storage and manipulation of information, necessary for a variety of complex cognitive tasks.
Explain perceptual processing vs semantic processing Craik and Tulving (1975).
Perceptual processing involves processing of material to extract superficial sensory characteristics which leads to poor retention.
Semantic Processing involves processing of material to extract meaning, which leads to better retention.
What are retrieval cues?
tags attached to memories which help them to be recovered, making available memories accessible.
