Semester 2 final- bio Flashcards
what is one reason common names are not used by biologists
they can apply to more than one animal
one goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as
binomial nomenclature
according to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which term is capitalized
the genus name only
based on their name, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same
species
the second part of a scientific name is unique to each
species in its genus
often the second part of a scientific name is
a description of a trait or habitat
which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system
phylum and kingdom
the grouping of organisms based on their common descent
evolutionary classification
in biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as
derived character
all organisms in the kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and animalia are
eukaryotes
the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in harsh environments
archaea
viruses
vary greatly in size and structures
unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do not
lyse the host cell right away
the instructions for making new copies of a virus are
coded in either RNA or DNA
how do the viruses cause disease
by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes
during a lytic infection, the host cell
is destroyed when its bursts
what is the basic structure of a virus
RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat
viral diseases can be
prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics
the outer protien coat of a virus is called
a capsid
what materials make up many viruses
proteins, nucleic acids and lipids
viral infections can be prevented by vaccines which are
preparations of weakened or killed viruses
a lytic infection concludes with the
bursting of the host cell
a prophage is made of
viral DNA
bacteria and archaea different in
the makeup of cell walls
what shape is coccus bacterial cells
spherical
which of the following can survive with or without oxygen
facultative anaerobes
during what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information
conjugation
prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called
decomposers
how do bacteria cause disease
by destroying cells and releasing toxins
bacteria that cause disease are called
pathogens
an unknown disease or well-known disease that suddenly become harder to control
an emerging disease
what might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs
use antibiotics only when necessary
what kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins in the brain?
prions
prions different from viruses because
prions contain no DNA or RNA
single celled eukaryotes that are not members of the Plantae, fungi, or animal kingdoms
protists
most protists are
unicellular
example of a multicellular protists
kelp
exchange of genetic information and then cell enters mitosis
conjugation
what does a cell do after conjugation
mitosis
has 2 different life cycles and structures
alternate between haploid and diploid stages
alternation of generations
how do water molds reproduce
asexually by producing sporangium that contains spores
small, free floating organisms that are found at the surface of the oceans and lakes
phytoplankton
phytoplankton carry out ___ the photosynthesis on earth
1/2
capture and digest food through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it is broken down by lysosomes
ameobas
individual amebo forms that form large structures that have many nuclei called plasmodium that absorb molecules for nutrients through cell walls and membranes
slime molds
trypanosoma are _______ ______ that cause _______ ________ _______
flagellated protists
African Sleeping Sickness
heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin
fungus
What is the Fruiting body
reproductive structure of a fungus made of hyphae that grows from the mycelium
can you see the mycelium
no it remains below and is not visible
tangled mass of branching hyphae below the soil
mycelium
what do fungi do when they break down dead plants and dead materials
fungi return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil
mutualistic association between fungus and a photosynthetic organism
lichen
lichens are an ______ association between _____ and a _____ ______
mutualistic
fungus
photosynthetic organism
Mycorrhizae is a ______ relationship between a _____ _____ especially at the _____
mutualistic
green plant
fungus
roots
what is the role of the mycorrhizae
to collect water and minerals and bring them to the roots to increase surface area and growth
are able to survive in harsh environments and usually the first to invade barren environment
lichens
what do plants use sunlight for
use the energy captured by leaves to carry out photosynthesis
what are the ancestors of plants
water dwelling organisms similar to single-celled green algae
what is the Diploid phase
2N sporophyte- spore producing plant
what was the first plant? Where was it found?
Green Algae
aquatic or in moist areas on land
what was the first multicellular plant?
Green Algae
what anchor Bryophytes to the soil
rhizoids
examples of bryophytes
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates made from photosynthesis
phloem
plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering
seed
what develop in reproductive structures called cones
gametophytes
where do gametophytes develop
cones
where is the male gametophyte contained
in the pollen grain made in the male cones
what is a one seed leaf (cotyledon)
monocot
annuals
life span of one year
obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms
heterotrophs
cell membranes that lack cell walls
multicellular
contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic
all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column
invertebrates
how many phyla do invertebrates have
33
what percent of animals are invertebrates
95%
Chordates
Phylum Chordata
what percent of animals are Chordata
fewer than 5%
Chordates have
a tail that extends past the anus
paired structures in the throat region
pharyngeal pouches
what do pharyngeal pouches develop into _____ that are used for gas exchange
gills
_____ ______ or ____ cells gather information and respond
nervous system or nerve
helps produce movement by shortening when stimulated by the nervous system
muscle tissue
works with the skeletal system to coordinate movement
muscles
some vertebrate can reproduce asexually what does this allow
animals numbers to increase but they are genetically identical
what types of tissues do animals have
epithelial
muscle
connective
nervous
body parts that extend outward from the center with many lines of symmetry
radial symmetry
body can be divided into right and left sides that are mirror images
bilateral symmetry
back portion (ex. dorsal fin of a dolphin)
upper dorsal
innermost, develop into digestive tract and respiratory systems
endoderm
body cavity (a fluid space between the digestive tract and body wall) completely lined with mesoderm
coelom
fertilized egg
zygote
the fertilized egg develops into a hollow ball of cells
blastula
internal or external body parts repeat on each side of the body like legs or arms
segmentation
appendages can vary in species what is an example of this
forelimbs
types of forelimbs
human arms
dolphin flippers
wings of birds
