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sophomore year finals > Semester 2 final- bio > Flashcards

Semester 2 final- bio Flashcards

1
Q

what is one reason common names are not used by biologists

A

they can apply to more than one animal

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2
Q

one goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as

A

binomial nomenclature

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3
Q

according to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which term is capitalized

A

the genus name only

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4
Q

based on their name, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same

A

species

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5
Q

the second part of a scientific name is unique to each

A

species in its genus

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6
Q

often the second part of a scientific name is

A

a description of a trait or habitat

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7
Q

which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system

A

phylum and kingdom

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8
Q

the grouping of organisms based on their common descent

A

evolutionary classification

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9
Q

in biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as

A

derived character

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10
Q

all organisms in the kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and animalia are

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in harsh environments

A

archaea

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12
Q

viruses

A

vary greatly in size and structures

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13
Q

unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do not

A

lyse the host cell right away

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14
Q

the instructions for making new copies of a virus are

A

coded in either RNA or DNA

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15
Q

how do the viruses cause disease

A

by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

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16
Q

during a lytic infection, the host cell

A

is destroyed when its bursts

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17
Q

what is the basic structure of a virus

A

RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat

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18
Q

viral diseases can be

A

prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

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19
Q

the outer protien coat of a virus is called

A

a capsid

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20
Q

what materials make up many viruses

A

proteins, nucleic acids and lipids

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21
Q

viral infections can be prevented by vaccines which are

A

preparations of weakened or killed viruses

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22
Q

a lytic infection concludes with the

A

bursting of the host cell

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23
Q

a prophage is made of

A

viral DNA

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24
Q

bacteria and archaea different in

A

the makeup of cell walls

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25
Q

what shape is coccus bacterial cells

A

spherical

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26
Q

which of the following can survive with or without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

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27
Q

during what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information

A

conjugation

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28
Q

prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called

A

decomposers

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29
Q

how do bacteria cause disease

A

by destroying cells and releasing toxins

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30
Q

bacteria that cause disease are called

A

pathogens

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31
Q

an unknown disease or well-known disease that suddenly become harder to control

A

an emerging disease

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32
Q

what might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs

A

use antibiotics only when necessary

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33
Q

what kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins in the brain?

A

prions

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34
Q

prions different from viruses because

A

prions contain no DNA or RNA

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35
Q

single celled eukaryotes that are not members of the Plantae, fungi, or animal kingdoms

A

protists

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36
Q

most protists are

A

unicellular

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37
Q

example of a multicellular protists

A

kelp

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38
Q

exchange of genetic information and then cell enters mitosis

A

conjugation

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39
Q

what does a cell do after conjugation

A

mitosis

40
Q

has 2 different life cycles and structures
alternate between haploid and diploid stages

A

alternation of generations

41
Q

how do water molds reproduce

A

asexually by producing sporangium that contains spores

42
Q

small, free floating organisms that are found at the surface of the oceans and lakes

A

phytoplankton

43
Q

phytoplankton carry out ___ the photosynthesis on earth

A

1/2

44
Q

capture and digest food through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it is broken down by lysosomes

A

ameobas

45
Q

individual amebo forms that form large structures that have many nuclei called plasmodium that absorb molecules for nutrients through cell walls and membranes

A

slime molds

46
Q

trypanosoma are _______ ______ that cause _______ ________ _______

A

flagellated protists
African Sleeping Sickness

47
Q

heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin

A

fungus

48
Q

What is the Fruiting body

A

reproductive structure of a fungus made of hyphae that grows from the mycelium

49
Q

can you see the mycelium

A

no it remains below and is not visible

50
Q

tangled mass of branching hyphae below the soil

A

mycelium

51
Q

what do fungi do when they break down dead plants and dead materials

A

fungi return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil

52
Q

mutualistic association between fungus and a photosynthetic organism

A

lichen

53
Q

lichens are an ______ association between _____ and a _____ ______

A

mutualistic
fungus
photosynthetic organism

54
Q

Mycorrhizae is a ______ relationship between a _____ _____ especially at the _____

A

mutualistic
green plant
fungus
roots

55
Q

what is the role of the mycorrhizae

A

to collect water and minerals and bring them to the roots to increase surface area and growth

56
Q

are able to survive in harsh environments and usually the first to invade barren environment

A

lichens

57
Q

what do plants use sunlight for

A

use the energy captured by leaves to carry out photosynthesis

58
Q

what are the ancestors of plants

A

water dwelling organisms similar to single-celled green algae

59
Q

what is the Diploid phase

A

2N sporophyte- spore producing plant

60
Q

what was the first plant? Where was it found?

A

Green Algae
aquatic or in moist areas on land

61
Q

what was the first multicellular plant?

A

Green Algae

62
Q

what anchor Bryophytes to the soil

A

rhizoids

63
Q

examples of bryophytes

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

64
Q

vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates made from photosynthesis

A

phloem

65
Q

plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering

A

seed

66
Q

what develop in reproductive structures called cones

A

gametophytes

67
Q

where do gametophytes develop

A

cones

68
Q

where is the male gametophyte contained

A

in the pollen grain made in the male cones

69
Q

what is a one seed leaf (cotyledon)

A

monocot

70
Q

annuals

A

life span of one year

71
Q

obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms

A

heterotrophs

72
Q

cell membranes that lack cell walls

A

multicellular

73
Q

contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotic

74
Q

all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column

A

invertebrates

75
Q

how many phyla do invertebrates have

A

33

76
Q

what percent of animals are invertebrates

A

95%

77
Q

Chordates

A

Phylum Chordata

78
Q

what percent of animals are Chordata

A

fewer than 5%

79
Q

Chordates have

A

a tail that extends past the anus

80
Q

paired structures in the throat region

A

pharyngeal pouches

81
Q

what do pharyngeal pouches develop into _____ that are used for gas exchange

A

gills

82
Q

_____ ______ or ____ cells gather information and respond

A

nervous system or nerve

83
Q

helps produce movement by shortening when stimulated by the nervous system

A

muscle tissue

84
Q

works with the skeletal system to coordinate movement

A

muscles

85
Q

some vertebrate can reproduce asexually what does this allow

A

animals numbers to increase but they are genetically identical

86
Q

what types of tissues do animals have

A

epithelial
muscle
connective
nervous

87
Q

body parts that extend outward from the center with many lines of symmetry

A

radial symmetry

88
Q

body can be divided into right and left sides that are mirror images

A

bilateral symmetry

89
Q

back portion (ex. dorsal fin of a dolphin)

A

upper dorsal

90
Q

innermost, develop into digestive tract and respiratory systems

A

endoderm

91
Q

body cavity (a fluid space between the digestive tract and body wall) completely lined with mesoderm

A

coelom

92
Q

fertilized egg

A

zygote

93
Q

the fertilized egg develops into a hollow ball of cells

A

blastula

94
Q

internal or external body parts repeat on each side of the body like legs or arms

A

segmentation

95
Q

appendages can vary in species what is an example of this

A

forelimbs

96
Q

types of forelimbs

A

human arms
dolphin flippers
wings of birds

sophomore year finals (2 decks)

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