Semester 2 final Flashcards
what cleaves trypsinogen
Enteropeptidase/enterokinase cleaves trypsinogen to trypsin
common side effect of ezitimibe
low cholesterol
what cell secretes intrinsic factor and HCL
parietal cell
what cell secretes pepsin
chief cell
major source of fiber
cellulose - cant be digested (due to B1-4)- increases stool bulk
in the setting of hepatic jaundice which step in bile acid synthesis is obstructed
conjugation of bile with glucoronate (UDP-glucoronosyl-transferase) to form bilirubin glucuronides (lighter stools/urine due to decreased conjugated bilirubin)
in the presenence of decreased bile salts, which enzyme in bile acid synthesis is upregulated
7-alphahydroxylase
what is the activity of maltase/what does it clearve
ONLY alpha 1-4 (exoglucosidase)
A persion with lactose intolerance should avoid what
milk sugar
dietary fiber
cellulose
A single base change in the mitochondrial gene ND4 from what to what amino acid result in a mitochondria partially defective in electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone
Arg to His
Mitochondrial cytochrome c, released into the cytosol, participates in activation of which caspase, one of the proteases involved in apoptosis?
caspase 9 (question has hint about the role)
defective oxidative phosphorylation leads to decreased ATP and what disease
diabetes
Patient presents with greatly increased triglycerides with slightly elevated cholesterol given heparin then triglycerides are normal; LPL is deficient; which apoprotein is deficient?
ApoC-II
which lipoprotiein is the largest
Chylomicron
which lipoprotein is the smallest
Lpa
patient presents with increased TGs, increased cholesterol, obese, DM II, alcholic on birth control and admits to eating a lot of sugar
Type IV hypertriglyceridemia
familial hypercholesterolemia
AD - decreased function of LDL receptor Hetero ~350 homo ~600-1200
If HMGCoA reductase is blocked, what substrate will build up in the cholesterol synthesis pathway
HMGCoA
what are the vitamin K dependent factors
prothrombin, FVII, IX, X, protein C and S
patient has normal labs but the clot dissolves in saline what factor is missing
factor 13
antithrombin II inactivates what factors
9a, 10a, 11a, 12a
Patient presents with prolonged bleeding time but otherwise normal test
prolonged bleeding time = platelet disorder = von willebrand disease
patient presnets with prolonged PTT. Normal bleeding time, platelt cout and prothrombin time. What is the likely diagnosis
Hemophilial A- deficiency in factory FVIII
prolonged PTT indicates problem in what pathway
intrinsic or common
equation for calculating LDL cholesterol
LDL cholesterol = total cholesterol - (HDL+ TG/5)
which amino acid is ketogenic only
lysine or leucine
prosthetic group required by transaminases
pyridoxal phosphate (derived from vitamin B6)
deficiency of N-acetylglutamate can ve treated by administering what
carbamoyl glutamate
benzoate is converted to benzoyl-coA, which combines with amino acid to for hippurate
glycine
blockage of what enzyme would cause a buid up of citrulline in the urea cycle
arginosuccinate
Which of amino acid gives rise to a family of catecholamines that includes dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine?
tyrosine
Build up of which heme biosynthesis substrate leads to acute intermittent porphyria?
Porphobillinogen
pepsinogen activated by
low pH (autoactivates at pH5)
products of pancreatic lipase
FFA and 2 monoacylglycerol
Enteropeptidase activates which enzyme
Trypsinogen
what lipoprotein is the least dense (floats on top)
chylomicron
major apoprotein associated with chylomicrons
B48
Apoprotin associate dwith LPL
C-II
what moves cholesterol from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet
ABCA1
first sterol made in pathway to cholesterol
lanosterol
what activates thrombin
Fxa-Fva
pt evaluated after 12 hour fast, where would you find the most triglycerides
VLDL
build up of citriline, glutamine, ammonia- what enzyme is deficient
Arginosuccinate synthase
what feeds into TCA as oxaloacetate
asparagine
what aa is formed by both fumarate and acetoacetate
tyrosine
