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Physics > Semester 2 Final > Flashcards

Semester 2 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the unit for power?

A

watts

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2
Q

What is the unit for work and energy?

A

Joules

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3
Q

List the six simple machines:

A

lever, wedge, pulley, incline plane, wheel and axle, screw

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4
Q

Define input force

A

amount of effort exerted on a simple machine to make it a complete task

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5
Q

Define output force

A

force exerted on an object by a simple machine

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6
Q

Define input distance

A

length of the sloped surface of the ramp

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7
Q

Define output distance

A

height of the ramp, or the vertical distance the object is raised

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8
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

the energy associated with motion

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9
Q

Define potential energy

A

energy that is stored due to interactions between objects in a system

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10
Q

Define thermal energy

A

the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy in a system

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11
Q

Define gravitational potential energy; equation?

A

the energy stored due to gravity; GPE=mgh

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12
Q

Define elastic potential energy

A

stored energy due to the pulled string and bent bow due to an object’s shape

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13
Q

Why must the biggest hill in a roller coaster be the first hill?

A

Friction and drag immediately begin to rob the roller coaster car of energy

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14
Q

Define entropy

A

measure of dispersal energy

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15
Q

Define and give an example of a transverse wave

A

particles in the medium perpendicular to the direction of the waves travel (ripples on the surface of water)

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16
Q

Define and give an example of a longitudinal wave

A

particles parallel to the direction of waves travel (sound waves)

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17
Q

What is the equation for wavelength and what is it measured in?

A

λ=v/f– meters

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18
Q

The speed of a sound wave depends on __________. The loudness of a sound wave depends on __________________. The pitch of a sound wave depends on ____________________.

A

the medium, amplitude, frequency

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19
Q

What causes sound waves?

A

Sound waves are created by object variations and produced pressure waves. The pressure wave disturbs the particles and the vibrating object moves in one direction and compresses the air directly in front of it

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20
Q

Define amplitude

A

the motion of the maximum distance the object moves from the equilibrium position

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21
Q

Define crest

A

the high point of a transverse wave

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22
Q

Define decibel

A

common unit of measurement for sound level; dB; power and intensity of sound waves

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23
Q

Define energy

A

the ability of an object to produce a change in itself or surroundings

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24
Q

Define frequency and what is it measured in?

A

the number of waves produces per unit of time; hertz

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25
Q

Define inclined plane

A

a slope surface used to raise heavy bodies

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26
Q

Define lever

A

a simple machine made of a rigid beam and a fulcrum

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27
Q

Define pitch

A

the highness or lowness of a sound; depending on frequency of vibration

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28
Q

Define power

A

the rate of doing work

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29
Q

Define screw

A

a simple machine which appears like an inclined plane around a rod with a pointed tip

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30
Q

Define pulley

A

a mechanism compost by wheel and rope used to lift heavy object onto tall heights

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31
Q

Define simple machine

A

a device that makes tasks easier by changing either the magnitude or the direction of the applied force

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32
Q

Define wave

A

a disturbance that carries energy through matter or space; transfers energy w/o transferring matter

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33
Q

Define wavelength

A

shortest distance between points on a wave where the wave pattern repeats itself

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34
Q

Define wedge

A

a simple machine that has two inclined planes and uses its sharp edge in splitting the objects

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35
Q

Define wheel and axle

A

the assembly forced by two disks, or cylinders, of different diameters mounted so they rotate together around the same axis

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36
Q

Define work

A

transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied through a distance

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37
Q

How do airbags reduce injuries?

A

they increase the time, thereby reducing force

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38
Q

Which of the following simple machines is found in a pair of scissors?

A

lever

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39
Q

A detected change in the frequency of a sound due to a moving source or a moving observer is _____________

A

the Doppler Effect

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40
Q

Sound is produced when there are___________

A

oscillations in air pressure

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41
Q

A description of a rule of nature is a ______________________

A

scientific law

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42
Q

A hypothesis can best be defined as a____________________

A

prediction

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43
Q

The amount of time it takes to complete one complete cycle is the _______________

A

period

44
Q

A ____________ is a material with zero resistance

A

superconductor

45
Q

In a _______________, there is only one path for the current to flow

A

series connection

46
Q

Who was the narrator of the Cosmos episode titled “Electric Boy”

A

Neil deGrasse Tyson

47
Q

Who is the “Electric Boy”

A

Michael Faraday

48
Q

Current is measure in ______

A

amperes

49
Q

A light year equals what distance? Answer should be in both km and miles

A

A light year equals 9.46 x 10^12 km and 5.88 x 10^12 miles

50
Q

What event began the universe?

A

the Big Bang

51
Q

A constellation’s changing position in the sky, at the same time of the evening, over a period of several weeks is evidence that _____________

A

the Earth revolves around the Sun

52
Q

The telescope that solved the problem of color separation was the ___________

A

reflecting telescope

53
Q

The Coriolis Effect provides evidence that __________________

A

Earth rotates on an axis

54
Q

Which telescope detects invisible electromagnetic radiation?

A

a radio telescope

55
Q

The period between successive full moons is ____________________

A

a lunar month; 29.5 days

56
Q

Each of Earth’s standard time zones covers about how many degrees?

A

15 degrees

57
Q

A benefit that 20th and 21st century space programs have brought to an area outside of astronomy is ___________________

A

weather; this information helps scientists make accurate weather predictions days in advance

58
Q

The right combination of temperature, water, and oxygen_________

A

supports life on Earth

59
Q

Kepler’s first law states that planets orbit the sun in paths called_____________________

A

ellipses

60
Q

Young Earth formed a core, mantle, and crust in a process called___________

A

differentiation

61
Q

Early fresh water oceans became salty when:

A

rainwater carried dissolved solid rock to the oceans

62
Q

The two inner planets most alike in size, mass, and density:

A

Venus and Earth

63
Q

Kepler’s third law describes the relationship between the average distance of a planet from the sun and the planet’s:

A

orbital period

64
Q

Which planet has volcanic regions that may still be active?

A

Mars

65
Q

Kepler’s second law states that equal areas are covered in equal amounts of time as an object:

A

orbits the sun

66
Q

Which is the following planets had the most complex ring system?

A

Saturn

67
Q

The early atmosphere developed when many volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process called:

A

outgassing

68
Q

Tides on Earth are caused by:

A

Earth’s inertial force and the moon’s gravitational force

69
Q

When a meteoroid hits Earth, it is called a:

A

meteorite

70
Q

The idea that the moon’s development began when a large object collided with Earth is called the:

A

Giant impact hypothesis

71
Q

The moon today looks as it did 3 billion years ago because:

A

the moon cooled more than 3 billion years ago

72
Q

What are the characteristics of one of the Galilean moons?

A

Io has active volcanoes, Europa is covered by an ice sheet, Callisto is densely cratered

73
Q

How long is the average sunspot cycle?

A

11 years

74
Q

What is the hottest layer of the sun’s atmosphere called?

A

corona

75
Q

Energy is the result of:

A

nuclear fusion

76
Q

The temperature of the sun’s core is approximately:

A

15,000,000 degrees Celsius

77
Q

What elements make up most of the sun’s mass?

A

Hydrogen and helium

78
Q

Which of the following are part of the sun’s atmosphere?

A

photosphere and chromosphere

79
Q

Particles thrown off the sun’s corona that can affect Earth’s magnetic field are called:

A

a coronal mass ejection

80
Q

Einstein’s equation E=mc^2 helps scientists understand the sun’s energy because the equation:

A

explains how mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy

81
Q

The most common element in most stars is:

A

Hydrogen

82
Q

Stars appear to move in circular paths through the sky because:

A

Earth rotates on its axis

83
Q

A nebula begins the process of becoming a protostar when the nebula:

A

Begins to shrink and increases its spin

84
Q

The brightest star in the night sky is:

A

Sirius

85
Q

A main sequence star generates energy by fusing:

A

Hydrogen into helium

86
Q

The heaviest element formed in the core of a star is :

A

Iron

87
Q

The change in position of a nearby star as seen from different points on Earth’s orbit compared with the position of a faraway star is called:

A

parallax

88
Q

If the spectrum of a star indicates that the star shines with red light, what is the approximate surface temperature of the star?

A

less than 3500 degrees Celsius

89
Q

According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, what does a massive body do to the space around it?

A

causes it to curve

90
Q

What do scientists believe will happen to the sun in the next 5 billion years?

A

The Sun will expand into a reg, giant star, becoming so large that it will engulf Mercury and Venus, and possibly Earth.

91
Q

Why is an old-main sequence star made of a higher percentage of helium than a young main sequence star?

A

Older stars have burned through its hydrogen producing larger amount s of helium in the process. Young main sequence stars start by generating energy and fusing hydrogen into helium.

92
Q

How does the movement of Earth affect the apparent movement of the stars in the sky?

A

The movement of Earth makes it appear as If the stars are shifting slightly to the west.

93
Q

If a water hose was used to represent an electrical wire, the water pressure would be analogous to the _________, and the amount of water flowing would be analogous to the ____________

A

volts, amps

94
Q

For a worse that obeys Ohm’s law, the resistance of a wire depends on the _________ the wire.

A

length of

95
Q

Name three fossil fuels and the other 2 main sources of creating energy.

A

Coal, natural gas, petroleum
Hydropower and nuclear power

96
Q

Name 2 alternative energy sources that are being used for creating energy

A

geothermal, biomass, wind power, solar power

97
Q

A wave carries ______ through space

A

energy

98
Q

What is NOT a part of the human body lever system?

A

nerve fibers

99
Q

When you use a hammer to strike a nail, what class lever are you using?

A

Third

100
Q

When you use a hammer to remove a nail using the claw, what class lever are you using?

A

First

101
Q

What is NOT a way to increase power?

A

increase time

102
Q

What is NOT true of machines?

A

they create energy

103
Q

Waves produced by banjo strings are ______

A

longitudinal

104
Q

Springs that require more force to extend have a :

A

greater spring constant

105
Q

What is the difference between S and P waves?

A

S waves cannot travel through molten liquid rock

106
Q

In general, the speed of sound is greater in ____ and ____ than in ______

A

solids, liquids, gases

107
Q
A

Physics (6 decks)

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