Semester 2 Final Flashcards
The Western Federation of Miners rejected the violent approach of some labor organizations but continued to welcome only White male members.
False
The Sand-Lot Incident in San Francisco in 1877 was an attack against Chinese immigrants.
True
Trusts, like Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust, were vulnerable because they
generated intense criticism and politicians made them illegal.
What was the guiding philosophy behind the Ladies’ Home Journal?
It promoted middle-class values of the time and the idea that women had a domestic role in life.
Which of the following was a peaceful protest in Chicago against a farm equipment manufacturer, until someone threw a bomb that injured or killed dozens and inspired police to fire indiscriminately into the crowd?
the Haymarket riot
Many industrial workers in the late 1800s were recent immigrants with diverse cultures and mutual distrust, and this prevented effective labor organization. Which of the following was another significant obstacle?
Owners retaliated against union organizers by firing and blacklisting leaders and hiring nonunion workers to replace strikers.
Many people followed the construction of the transcontinental railroad, as the major newspapers printed sensational stories about it.
True
What contributed to Eugene V. Debs’s success as leader of the American Railway Union?
his genuine goodness and nonviolent approach
By the 1880s, most states had outlawed child labor.
False
J. Pierpont Morgan is similar to business leaders Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller because he
believed in freewheeling capitalism but hated competition.
J. P. Morgan was born in poverty but became a wealthy man through hard work, unlike Carnegie and Rockefeller.
False
How did the Carnegie Steel Company rise to become the largest industrial company in the world by 1900?
It employed the newly developed Bessemer converter, which drastically lowered the cost of steel and the company gained control of every phase of production.
What were the major technological advancements of the post–Civil War era? How did these advancements contribute to the expansion of America’s industrial revolution?
The major technological advancement of post- Civil war era, included, primarily, the creation of electrical power. This led to the development of greater, mass-producing equipment, and thus a bolstering of the economy. As well, all technological advancements that encompassed transportation, played a huge role in the industrial revolution, as these newly founded railroad systems connected communities to marketplaces- marketplaces, to the economy, and overall American life.
Westinghouse’s system of transmitting electricity over long distances lost the “battle of the currents.”
False
How did technological innovations transform production and consumption in the post–Civil War era?
Innovations helped large businesses produce numerous products cheaply, thus enabling more people to buy them.
Like the AFL, the Knights of Labor admitted only skilled workers.
False
What was one main reason electric motors were significant to the industrialization of the late nineteenth century?
They freed factories to locate wherever they wished, not just by waterfalls and coal deposits.
In a capitalist democracy like America, a common source of social instability is the tensions between equal political rights and unequal economic status.
True
Anarchists oppose all forms of government.
True
George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla invented which device that revolutionized American industry?
the electric motor
How did the creation of modern transportation and communication systems, development of electrical power, and the systematic application of science to industrial processes impact production during the late 1800s?
Technological advances drastically improved efficiency, which in turn expanded the scope and scale of mass-producing industrial organizations.
Which of the following occurred from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century?
The value of manufactures increased sixfold.
Who developed the first alternating current electric system?
George Westinghouse
Which of the following did Thomas Alva Edison invent?
a long-lasting electric lightbulb
Railroads promoted enormous economic development, but also had several downsides. In addition to displacement of Native Americans and exploitation of workers, which of the following was a downside of the railroad boom?
Railroad executives used lobbyists to buy politicians who subsidized twice as many railroad miles as the economy could support.
Booker T. Washington argued that the Black community needed to focus on establishing an economic foundation before agitating for political and social equality.
True
Why did W.E.B. Du Bois disagree with what he called the Atlanta Compromise?
He argued that Booker T. Washington’s ideas aimed to satisfy powerful Whites, thereby giving credence to the idea that African Americans were inferior.
Proponents of the New South believed that the South should
build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.
Buffalo soldiers were
Black soldiers, most of whom had been Civil War veterans, fighting in the West against the Indians.
How did Duke family members transform tobacco production?
They formed a modern cigarette factory producing large quantities of tobacco and contributed to the dramatic rise of the tobacco industry in the post–Civil War South.
Callie Guy House started a mass movement in the South to help African Americans in what way?
a program to pay a pension to freed slaves as reparation for slavery
The number of cotton mills in the South more than doubled between 1880 and 1900.
True
The western territories and states were the last region to grant women the right to vote.
False
Why was the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876 significant?
Thousands of Indians led by Crazy Horse annihilated a detachment of Custer’s soldiers, leading Congress to prepare for “total war.”
As the price paid for raw cotton rose steadily over the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the average annual income of White southerners was double that of Americans outside the South.
False
In the 1880s the U.S. Supreme Court issued several rulings that impacted civil rights. How did these so-called civil rights cases affect the legal protections included in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments?
They ruled that federal laws cannot prevent private citizens or businesses from discriminating based on race, and they opened the door to state laws requiring “separate but equal” facilities.
They ruled that federal laws cannot prevent private citizens or businesses from discriminating based on race, and they opened the door to state laws requiring “separate but equal” facilities.
To compare: All three could compare in their value of women ( as spouses, confined to the domestic sphere), due to the unbalanced male-to-female ratio. This value, however, was as generalized as the lack of social equality, in all three frontiers. The frontiers of mining and ranching can compare, secondly, for their high prejudice against various ethnic groups.
To contrast: Of the three, mining contributed to the largest damage to the environment. Of the vegetation and dirt removed to persist mining growth, streams were clogged, fish were killed, and habitats were destroyed.
Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry?
As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of southern cattle, more cow towns were established in the West.
The Indian wars effectively ended with the capture of Geronimo, a chief of the Chiricahua Apaches.
True
The rise of the cattle industry
made Chicago the fastest-growing city in the nation.
Which of the following did Frederick Jackson Turner argue in his “frontier thesis”?
American culture and identity developed from the ways in which the frontier shaped those who lived on it.
Although an important document in American history, Turner’s “frontier thesis” is in some ways problematic because it
exaggerated the influence of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women, Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.
What caused the Indian wars of the 1860s–1870s?
Although the U.S. government signed numerous treaties, those commitments were repeatedly violated by private citizens, companies, and the army.
Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment?
It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.
Widespread violence, such as that of a mob that stormed Wilmington, North Carolina, often went hand in hand with the Jim Crow laws.
True
The Comstock Lode refers to a
mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada that was the most profitable at that point.
Which civil rights leader argued that the Black response to racial prejudice under Jim Crow should be one of “ceaseless agitation” directed toward achieving political and social equality?
W.E.B. Du Bois
New South leaders who wished to follow the example of the North and develop a strong industrial sector found the most success in what industry?
textiles
Some southern politicians condoned lynching of African Americans.
True
Which of the following did “nativists” believe?
Immigrants were a threat to their jobs and way of life.
Which region of the United States had the greatest proportion of urban dwellers?
the Far West
Which of the following people became an influential leader of the southern farmer’s alliance movement?
Thomas E. Watson
Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the growth of urban populations at the turn of the century?
the growth of disease from the lack of sanitation in crowded city neighborhoods
Why was the development of cast-iron and steel-frame construction techniques significant to the growth of cities?
They allowed developers to erect high-rise buildings.
Describe how living in an urban environment impacted women’s lives.
This new, urbanization of American life increased the work of married women, to surpass that of working-class men. As different forms of social recreation grew, these men had saloons, political clubs, and sports events, women had nothing but the dull repetition of their domestic work: shopping, caring for the youth, and cleaning.
Who gave the famous “cross of gold” speech?
William Jennings Bryan
Between 1880 and 1890, the traditional pattern of U.S. immigration changed in that most “new immigrants” were from what region of the world?
southern and eastern Europe
Who were the Mugwumps?
They were a group of Republicans against James G. Blaine who believed in reform and building honest government.
What place that processed immigrants became known as the “island of hope, island of tears”?
Ellis Island
Which of the following is true of Herbert Spencer?
He coined the phrase “survival of the fittest.”
What do cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever have in common?
They can all be spread from poor sanitation conditions.
Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 significant in American immigration history?
It barred Chinese laborers from entering the country, becoming the first federal law to restrict immigration based on race and class.
“Anglo-Saxon” refers to people of what background?
British and German
What was the American Protective Association?
It was a nativist organization whose members pledged to protect the purity of the Anglo-Saxon “race.”
How did residents typically respond when new immigrants moved into the area?
They often moved out.
What is the significance of the Page Act of 1875?
It was the first federal law to restrict immigration from one global region to the United States.
What did the U.S. Contract Labor Act of 1864 provide?
The federal government would help pay for immigrants’ travel expenses to the United States.
Who wrote one of the most influential novels of the Gilded Age, Sister Carrie (1900)?
Theodore Dreiser
How did Populist James B. Weaver perform in the 1892 election?
He lost but received one million votes.
Around 1900, what urban gathering place often hosted political discussions as well as social gatherings for immigrants and working-class men?
saloons
Which of the following best describes immigrant neighborhoods in U.S. cities by 1900?
Neighborhoods were defined by separate ethnic groups.
Which of the following happened following the election of 1896?
The Populist party disintegrated, but later reformers would enact many of its ideas.
Which of the following caused an enormous sanitary challenge in U.S. cities in 1900?
the use of many animals
After the United States took control of the Philippines, __________ became the official language.
English
The Teller Amendment sought to mollify nervous allies by denying any territorial interest in
Cuba.
Which is true of The American Anti-Imperialist League?
It was supported by two former presidents, as well as Jane Addams and Mark Twain, in its attempts to harness the imperial ambitions of the United States.
Discuss the results of the Spanish-American War. In what way was it a significant turning point in American history?
Of the primary results of the Spanish-American War, Spain’s mass casualities brought on by, generally, disease and injury, as well as their signing of the Treaty of Paris, were presented. For America, this victory shaped their potential to become a world power, supposedly asserting their requirement to spread their own ‘American’ influence.
The American Anti-Imperialist League was formed by a group of influential advocates of colonialism to combat Philippine independence.
False
Which of the following qualified as an “unincorporated” territory?
Puerto Rico
In 1899, the United States divided control of the Samoa Islands with
Germany
The cash crop that made Hawaii valuable to the United States was
sugarcane
After living for a time in the West, Theodore Roosevelt maintained that Indians were
a “lesser race.”
Downes v. Bidwell clarified the rights of the newly established colonies and distinguished them largely by
race
What was a result of the Treaty of Paris?
The Spanish empire in the Americas ended.
What did the Platt Amendment mandate?
It acknowledged the right of the United States to intervene in Cuba whenever it saw fit
What is the name of the U.S. battleship that famously sank in Havana Harbor in 1898?
the Maine
William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson discontinued the trend of American intervention in international affairs begun by McKinley and Roosevelt.
False
Which is true of the Plan of San Diego?
It was a plan by Mexican rebels to overthrow the government of the United States.
The case of the Philippines illustrates how after the Spanish-American War, the United States substituted its own imperialism for Spain’s.
True
The Open Door policy of __________ stated that China should remain open to European and American trade.
John Hay
Which of the following was a result of the intervention of the United States in Mexico?
Mexicans saw American troops as invaders and participated in ongoing civil wars.
Which of the following statements regarding American imperialism in the Pacific is accurate?
The United States’ acquisition of Alaska enabled access to large oil and gold deposits.
Immediately after the Spanish-American War ended, the United States granted the Philippines independence.
False
The Hawaiian ruler Queen Liliuokalani tried to do which of the following in the early 1890s?
restrict the growing political power of the United States in the islands
After the Civil War, Americans generally favored __________ in foreign policy.
isolationism
Which of the following is true of Emilio Aguinaldo?
He led the Filipinos in a hotly contested guerrilla war against the United States.
Which of the following did Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal promote?
conservation of natural resources
The National Child Labor Committee pushed to
enact laws prohibiting the employment of young children.
Which of the following groups led the progressive movement?
the middle class
What did Alice Paul, leader of the National Women’s party, want to accomplish by protesting in front of Wilson’s White House for six months in 1917?
to pass the voting rights amendment
Which of the following statements describes the women’s suffrage movement during the Progressive Era?
Suffrage activists varied in their motivations and approaches, such as in the range of issues they were willing to raise along with the women’s vote.
Wilson was a weak president who trusted Congress to adopt the proper policies.
False
Washington Gladden, author of the Working People and their Employers believed that Christians should do which of the following?
help the poor and disabled
Which of the following was an element of “the Wisconsin idea?”
a nonpartisan bureau to help with the drafting of legislation
Muckrakers were journalists who worked first and foremost for politicians—an arrangement that often perpetuated political and corporate corruption.
False
Through the Federal Farm Loan Act, Wilson succeeded in passing the first federal legislation directed at assisting farmers.
True
How did William Howard Taft win the presidency?
Roosevelt urged the Republican party to nominate Taft as his successor, and Taft promised to continue the policies Roosevelt had begun.
Which candidate was shot during the 1912 presidential campaign?
Theodore Roosevelt
President Taft’s domestic policies generated a storm of division
within the Republican party.
Who was Frederick W. Taylor?
He championed the idea of scientific management, showing employers how to cut waste and improve productivity.
To what extent were progressives a unified group in the early twentieth century, and why?
There was, essentially, very few unification’s of progressives, as despite their general term, a multitude of ideals were desired. The main similarity they all shared, however, was there want for more government activity in industrial growth. This was due to a desire to regulate capitalism.
Which of the following describes the method used by most progressives to solve the problem of economic power and its abuses?
regulating large corporations
What was the significance of the events at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911?
A tragic fire took the lives of workers, which resulted in meaningful government regulation of working conditions.
Which of the following statements characterizes Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom platform?
It proposed vigorous anti-trust action to break up corporate concentration.
What was the purpose of the Adamson Act of 1916?
It established the eight-hour day for railroad workers.
What assumption did progressives share?
Governments must become more active to address the problems created by rapid industrial and urban growth.
Which of the following statements characterizes the Progressive Era?
It witnessed an extraordinary burst of social activism and political innovation.
Which of the following could be considered a failure of the progressive movement?
it ignored racial inequality
Who was Theodore Roosevelt’s close friend Gifford Pinchot?
He was a forestry expert and leading conservationist.
Which was the mugwumps’ contribution to progressivism?
the “honest government” ideal
Contrary to his party’s tradition, President Taft called for
lower tariffs on imports.
Progressivism faded as an organized political movement because international issues pushed aside domestic concerns.
True
Which of the following was true of the Revenue Act of 1916?
It was primarily passed to raise money for war preparations.
Many African American men joined the military but were forced to serve in segregated units under White officers.
True
How did the Great War set the stage for the Second World War?
The harsh conditions set by the Treaty of Versailles made many Germans and Austrians feel victimized.
What was the primary objection that American senators had to the Treaty of Versailles?
the unrestricted commitment of the United States to the League of Nations’ decisions
What was the significance of the Zimmermann telegram?
It showed German intentions to collaborate in a possible invasion on the United States.
Which of the following describes the liberty bonds launched by Wilson?
They provided a good small investment and were deemed as a patriotic act.
Which of the following events changed Wilson’s determination to maintain a neutral position?
A German attack on five U.S. ships in the North Atlantic.
Which of the following was true of the 1919 police strike in Boston?
Its aftermath inadvertently made Calvin Coolidge a national hero.
In what ways was the Great War the first “modern war,” and how did combat during the Great War differ from previous conflicts?
The Great War was ‘modern’ as it introduced new military advancements, which contributed to casualty rates higher than any previous conflict. These immensely high casualties were brought on by newly developed weaponry, of which included submarines, aerial bombing, and long-range firepowder. Secondly, a new ‘trench-warfare’, seperated the Great War from previous battles; this warfare was desgined to exhuast enemies, and was uniquely grueling for soldiers to endure. The Great War also permitted multiple minorities to fight, of which I find to be fairly modern for the time.
The Zimmermann telegram triggered the beginning of Russia’s exit from the First World War.
False
Which of the following countries were regarded as the Big Four during the Paris Peace Conference?
Italy, the United States, Britain, and France
The so-called Arabic Pledge involved Wilson’s stand to stop North Africa’s fall into chaos during the war.
False
What was the significance of the ship Lusitania?
It was a British passenger ship secretly carrying ammunition, and its sinking by German U-boats sparked an outcry in the United States.
Which of the following is an example of how the United States helped the Allied powers prior to joining the war?
American banks and the U.S. government offered loans and credits to the Allies that allowed the Allies to pay for purchases.
Which of the following is true of the congressional resolution for war?
It passed by a large majority.
Which of the following occurred when news of the European war first reached the United States?
Wilson publicly promoted neutrality while privately ensuring the United States provided supplies to the Allies.
During the Great War, some American symphonies refused to perform Bach and Beethoven due to the common assumption that it was disloyal to associate with anything German.
True
Which nation was known as the “powder keg of Europe” because of its internal tensions and ethnic diversity?
the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Which of the following statements characterizes trench warfare during the Great War?
Its main objective was to exhaust enemy resources.
What was the purpose behind the Food Administration?
to increase agricultural production while reducing civilian food consumption
For violating the Espionage Act, Socialist leader Eugene Debs
received a ten-year prison term.
What was Wilson referring to when he spoke about “the heart of the League”?
the possibility of imposing economic sanctions and using moral influence to avoid military actions
The Nineteenth Amendment guaranteed all women the right to vote.
True
