Semester 1 Final Flashcards
Which of the following statements correctly explains the impact of the encomienda system used by the Spanish in their American empire?
It meant the native Indians were effectively enslaved as forced laborers for wealthy Spaniards.
Which of the following statements best explains why European global exploration began at the time that it did in the 1400s?
The development of large kingdoms with centralized governments, trade-based economies, and new technologies stimulated seaborne exploration.
By the eighteenth century, Mestizos made up a majority of the population in Mexico and New Mexico. Who were they?
the offspring of Spanish and Native American parents
In which of the following ways was the Pueblo Revolt significant?
It was the greatest defeat Native Americans ever inflicted on European efforts to conquer the New World and delayed Spanish efforts to reestablish control over New Mexico.
Which of the following statements best describes Portuguese sea exploration efforts by 1500?
The Portuguese were leaders in technology and seagoing but were more interested in creating trading posts than colonies.
Ponce de León was the first European to explore
Florida
Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Age of Exploration and European settlement in the Americas?
Religious division led to conflict, spawning national competition and motivation for colonial settlement in the Americas.
By 7000 B.C.E., indigenous peoples in the Americas had begun transitioning into farming societies.
T/F
True
In which of the following ways were the Anasazi different from the Aztecs and Inca?
They lacked a rigid class structure.
The New World was named for the Portuguese-sponsored explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
T/F
True
Which statement below best describes the impact of the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English in 1588?
It cleared the way for England to challenge Spain in colonizing the Americas.
The first Europeans to sail around Africa and on to India were the
Portuguese.
The competition between Catholic Spain and other European countries, such as England, the Netherlands, and even France, was partly driven by which of the following events of the 1500s?
the Protestant Reformation
Mexica tribes originated in northwest Mexico and were later called the Aztecs by Europeans.
T/F
True
The Columbian Exchange refers to the
global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases as a result of Europeans landing in the Americas.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the legacy of the Spanish in North America?
Made up of brutal occupiers rather than settlers, the Spanish colonial system transformed native societies throughout the southwest part of North America.
The brutal and exploitative systems that the Spanish implemented in the New World were largely the work of Bartolomé de Las Casas.
T/F
False
Which early culture in Middle America (Mesoamerica) began developing large cities, including gigantic pyramids?
Aztecs
Which of the following was a result of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain?
increased Spanish Catholic exploration by sea
The city of Tenochtitlán was the capital city of which of the following peoples?
Mexicas
After the arrival of Europeans, the greatest number of Indians died as a result of
disease.
Describe the advances in military technology that gave distinct advantages to Europeans in the conquest of American natives.
In order to conquest the American natives, the Europeans needed to reach them; this is where the nautical technological improvements benefited Europe. Larger sailing ships made ocean voyages possible, as well as more advanced navigational tools. I presume, as well, that the animals familiar to the Europeans, such as horses, gave them a military advantage over the Amerian natives.
John Cabot’s landfall in North America gave England the basis for a later claim to all of North America.
T/F
True
Which of the following early cultures created an empire based in the central highlands of present-day Mexico?
the Mexicas
The Virginia Company declared bankruptcy in 1624. How did this development impact the colony?
Virginia was converted from a joint-stock company to a royal colony controlled by the government.
Roger Williams believed in which of the following ideas?
It was wrong to mistreat Native American people.
The Jamestown colony exhibited which of the following characteristics during its early years?
a high mortality rate from disease and famine
How did the Jamestown colony finally attain a measure of prosperity?
tobacco production
Oliver Cromwell, who was known as the lord protector, established freedom of religion in England, allowing Puritans, Roman Catholics, and Anglicans to live in relative harmony.
T/F
False
Why did many Scots-Irish migrate to America?
The Scots-Irish thought it was easier to make a living there than in Europe.
Maryland was established in 1634 as a refuge for which of the following groups?
English Catholics
What was the primary economic focus of the Dutch in New Netherland?
fur trade
By the early eighteenth century, the English colonies in North America possessed which of the following attributes?
The English colonies were the most populous and prosperous on the continent.
Why did African American slaves comprise only a tiny minority (2 percent) of New England’s population?
the absence of large slave plantations in the region
The story of Pocahontas has often been subject to distortion. Which of the following statements accurately describes Pocahontas?
Pocahontas embraced the lifestyle of her English captors and had a platonic friendship with John Smith.
Which of the following reasons explains why most African American slaves experienced an early death in the Western Hemisphere?
difficult working conditions
Explain the concept of separatism as it related to the Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth.
The concept of separatism related to the Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth as they were individuals who promptly displayed avid support for God. The Puritans, though referred to them as strangers, rather than saints, as they did not belong to a specific religious congregation.
Although New Netherland became one of the most ethnically diverse American colonies, the Dutch did not exhibit tolerance toward Native Americans.
T/F
True
After the thirteenth century, what was one key difference between the political practices and governing principles of England compared to the continental Europeans?
The English had a tradition of parliamentary monarchy that enabled the national legislature to exercise some leverage over the monarchy.
What does the term chattel refer to?
people held as property
What quality made the Iroquois League unique?
The league consisted of clans led by women and guided by a constitution.
Where did Africans comprise a tiny minority of the population in English North America?
New England
Which of the following did the diverse English colonies have in common?
The English colonies participated in the enslavement of other peoples, whether Native American or African.
How did African American slaves sometimes use songs during the colonial era?
African American slaves used songs to circulate coded messages.
Which of the following is an example of an African word that was incorporated in American culture?
banana
The first elected legislature in the Western Hemisphere was created by
Virginia.
How did geographical factors shape the development of the British colonies?
The ocean separated the “old” and “new” worlds, which enabled new ideas about political liberties and economic freedom to grow in the colonies in the eighteenth century.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the experiences of the Pequot Indians following the 1636–1637 war with New England?
The Pequots suffered huge losses in the war.
Which of the following defined the headright system?
The headright system gave fifty acres of land to anyone who would transport himself to the colony.
From where did a large number of South Carolina’s first settlers originate?
Barbados
In the seventeenth century, which of the following cash crops anchored the Virginia and Maryland economy?
tobacco
What was the outcome of the 1712 “Negro plot” in New York City?
City officials passed a black code to regulate free and enslaved Blacks.
By 1750, the English in colonial Pennsylvania had become particularly critical of European immigrants from what country?
Germany
Most colonists believed in the inferiority of women.
T/F
True
How did Native American tribes respond to African American freedom seekers from Georgia and South Carolina?
They allowed them to remain in their villages.
Jonathan Edwards’s famous sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” characterized Puritan religion in which of the following ways?
Hell as a gruesome reality
Which of the following was one of the most lucrative jobs among colonial women?
prostitution
Most African men and women who were taken to the American colonies abandoned their traditional religion for Christianity.
T/F
False
What was the outcome of the Salem witch craze?
Some of the accused were executed.
As tobacco, rice, and indigo crops became more established in the Chesapeake region by 1700, how did this impact African slavery in the colonies?
The number of African slaves increased substantially.
By 1700, tobacco, rice, and indigo were the staple crops of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas.
T/F
True
Which of the following is accurate regarding slaves living in the northern colonies?
Slaves usually lived and worked in cities and towns.
Jonathan Edwards saw emotionalism as a weakness among Christians.
T/F
False
Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the role of women in the eighteenth-century American colonies?
Women often remained confined to the domestic sphere.
During the eighteenth century, demand for slaves in the southern colonies declined slightly.
T/F
False
Which American city had more enslaved people than any other in the 1700s?
New York
Although diseases were widespread in North America, the colonists were less susceptible than people in Europe because of which of the following reasons?
The American population was younger and more dispersed.
How did the lives of enslaved Africans change after the Stono Rebellion of 1739?
New laws forbade African slaves to congregate in groups.
By 1700, which of the following institutions was the most democratic and important in the American colonies?
taverns
The Great Awakening shattered the Puritan ideal of religious uniformity.
T/F
True
Discuss the New England shipping industry and its impact on colonial trade.
The lack of balance in the shipping industry caused New England to create the ‘triangular trade’. This plot is explained by a web of trade, where exports from one region are sold to a second region, from the second region, back to the original country.
Which of the following best describes the life of Eliza Pinckney?
She managed profitable indigo plantations while married and signaled the possibility of women taking on economic leadership roles.
The thriving fishing industry in New England encouraged the development of what other industry in the region?
shipbuilding
Colonies developed different cultures over time. Which of the following was true of New England in the seventeenth century?
Religion governed New England more than it governed the middle and southern colonies.
During the events of Lexington and Concord, both sides were correct in assuming that the other would back down, as no shots were actually fired.
T/F
False
Describe the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the impact it had on the relationship between Britain and the American colonies.
This Proclamation created a line along the Appalachian Mountains to keep Indian ancestral lands safe. There was an objection from American colonies to this, as they wanted to expand upon their own land.
Which of the following statements best demonstrates the significance of the Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge?
The victory of Patriot militia over Tory militia boosted morale and demonstrated that the conflict would be as much a civil war as a contest between Americans and the British.
Which of the following statements about the French colonists in North America is accurate?
They established cooperative relations with the Indians.
Many colonists viewed the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a(n)
temporary barrier that did not prevent individual settlers from flooding into the Ohio River Valley.
Three weeks after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress sent George III
the War Act, declaring open rebellion
In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson criticized George III for perpetuating the African slave trade, but southern representatives insisted on removing this criticism.
T/F
True
What issue was Parliament attempting to solve with the Currency Act of 1764?
the problem of colonies coining or printing their own money, a practice disliked by British merchants
What was the significance of the Gaspée incident?
It raised the intensity of anti-British feelings in the American colonies and spurred increasing sophistication among Whig protestors.
As royal governor of the Dominion of New England, Sir Edmund Andros
was deposed as a result of the Glorious Revolution.
John Locke’s writings offered a powerful justification for revolution in extreme circumstances.
T/F
True
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania?
They killed and threatened peaceful Indians.
At the Great Meadows in 1754, a force of Virginia provincial soldiers faced the French and Native Americans. The outcome was
a disaster for a young George Washington, who was forced to surrender.
Which of the following statements about the 1765 Stamp Act is accurate?
It required revenue stamps on legal documents.
How did the Jesuit missionaries influence the society and culture of New France?
They gave it dynamism by living among the Huron Indians, borrowing practices and beliefs from each.
George III was lazy as king and, as a result, caused England to lose much of its power in the wake of the Seven Years’ War.
T/F
False
At the end of the war, New Orleans and all the French lands west of the Mississippi
went to Spain.
Which of the following items was a colonial import taxed by the Townshend Acts?
glass
Britain’s adoption of mercantilist policies set it apart from other European powers of the seventeenth century.
T/F
False
King James II established the Dominion of New England in 1685 in order to
reorganize the New England colonies into a single colony so that the Navigation Acts could be enforced more effectively.
What was the purpose behind the Townshend Acts?
to pay the royal governors’ salaries and make them independent of colonial legislatures
How did the French and Indian War impact immigration to the American colonies?
It spurred the greatest mass migration of humans to that time and lessened the percentage of ethnic English colonists.
Why did colonists object to the Quartering Act, passed in 1765?
They viewed it as taxation and questioned why British troops were garrisoned in port cities instead of the frontier.
Desertion decreased the size of the Continental Army to such a degree that George Washington modified his conventional top-down approach to be more democratic and allow soldiers to offer suggestions.
T/F
True
In what ways were the campaigns in the North different from those in the South?
As a contradiction to the pivotal fighting that happened in the South, the North was in a stalemate. As well, the Loyalist strength in the South was much weaker than that of the North.
After the withdrawal of the last British troops from the United States in 1783, General George Washington decided to do this.
retire from his post as commander-in-chief of the army and return to his home at Mount Vernon
Which of the following transpired when the British attacked New York in late August 1776?
The American army was fortunate to make a narrow escape overnight.
To which of the following options was the United States forced to resort in order to pay the costs of the Revolution?
new issues of paper money
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Tories (or Loyalists) during the Revolutionary War?
They were found in all ranks of society and included roles as varied as governors and farmers.
What was the main motivation for the French to join an alliance with the United States?
to obtain revenge against the British after losing the Seven Years’ War
After the war, many Loyalists suffered for their refusal to pledge allegiance to the new nation or fled the country.
T/F
True
Why was the Canadian Expedition of 1775–1776 significant?
It resulted in a humiliating series of American defeats that made it apparent that the war would not be a short one.
In part because Anglicans tended to be pro-British, the Anglican Church became the Episcopal Church after the American Revolution.
T/F
True
Which of the following is true of the state militia troops that made up the initial American military force and later came to augment the Continental Army?
They were largely civilians who often decided for themselves when to join and when to leave the fighting.
Which of the following statements is a correct analysis of the reason why the British Army under Cornwallis lost the Battle of Yorktown?
The French Navy blocked the British supply routes by sea and the British army was too small and weak to defeat Washington’s well-trained troops.
Abigail Adams’s appeal to her husband, John, to “remember the Ladies”
was basically rejected, including by John Adams.
Luckily for the British, other European powers aside from the French had little interest in assisting the American colonies.
T/F
False
The news of the outcome of the Battle of Yorktown convinced the British government to do which of the following?
seek to negotiate a peace treaty with the United States to end the war
To create a Patriot army from scratch, General Washington relied initially on which of the following?
citizen-soldiers (militiamen) summoned directly from farms and shops
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of Spain’s entry into the Revolutionary War on the side of the Americans?
A Spanish army forced the surrender of British garrisons on the Mississippi River and at Mobile and Pensacola in West Florida.
Though rare, there were examples of women participating in the Revolution as ordinary soldiers in the Continental Army.
T/F
True
On the western frontier, the Mohawks, Shawnees, and Delawares convinced the Cherokees to
attack frontier settlements in Virginia and the Carolinas.
Which of the following statements explains the main outcomes of the Treaty of Paris of 1783?
Britain recognized the independence of the United States and agreed to set the western boundary of the United States at the Mississippi River.
Elite Virginians despised Lord Dunmore because of his
offer of freedom to slaves who were willing to join the British.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Hessians during the Revolutionary War?
Hessians were German mercenaries hired by the British.
How did the Continental Congress encourage the full-time soldiers of the Continental Army to serve for the duration of the war?
by providing land grants and cash bonuses to soldiers
Which city did the British capture and occupy early in the American Revolution, making it the headquarters of both the Royal Navy and the British army?
New York City
The timely arrival of the French navy off the coast of Yorktown gave Washington’s forces the reinforcement they needed to defeat Cornwallis’s British army.
T/F
True
Which of the following is true of the so-called Great Compromise?
It settled the question of congressional representation.
The Western Confederacy
included thousands of Native American warriors from many tribes, who were supported by the British in their attempts to hold off encroachment into their lands.
The election of 1800 was the first time one party relinquished presidential power to the opposition.
T/F
True
The XYZ Affair came about as part of the so-called Quasi-War with France, which Adams inherited as president.
T/F
True
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention sharply debated whether to establish a monarchy or a republic.
T/F
False
The Naturalization Act of 1790 allowed immigrants to renounce their original citizenship and the children of immigrants to be granted “birthright citizenship.”
T/F
True
Which of the following was a principle of the Land Ordinance of 1785?
The Northwest Territory on America’s western border would be organized into townships.
One key element of Hamilton’s program to encourage manufacturing was his proposal for
high protective tariffs.
The protesters who sparked Shays’s Rebellion tended to be
famers struggling with debt and tax burdens.
By raising taxes in the early 1780s, the Confederation government was able to reduce the national debt.
T/F
False
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Judiciary Act of 1801?
It created sixteen federal circuit courts and reduced the number of Supreme Court justices.
Which of the following was a result of Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey?
Frontier farmers formed a rebellion because they had little cash, and grain alcohol was their most valuable commodity.
When Britain and France went to war in 1793, which of the following did the United States do?
It expressed neutrality, warning Americans not to aid either side.
Shays’s Rebellion was led by
indebted farmers.
The northern states felt obligated to help pay off the much larger debts the southern states incurred during the Revolution.
T/F
False
The emergence of two political parties reflected the basic philosophical differences between Jefferson and Hamilton. Which of the following accurately describes Jefferson’s philosophy and political party?
As a Democratic Republican, Jefferson was concerned about threats to individual rights and states’ rights posed by big government.
Trace the Confederation government’s policies concerning diplomacy. How effective was the government in dealing with foreign issues?
From the start, the Confederation had trouble with diplomatic relations, as such was known and sought to regulate. During the European war between France and Britain, the United States had attempted to remain neutral, and yet still fed a feud between Jefferson and Hamilton. This implies that the government, at the fragility of the nation’s beginning, was quite rocky in dealing with foreign problems.
Which of the following occurred as a result of Shays’s Rebellion?
There were numerous calls promoting a stronger central government.
Why were finances the greatest weakness of the Confederation government?
States were asked to “voluntarily” contribute to Congress’s budget but rarely did or sent little.
Federalists feared that the new national government would grow too powerful and needed more limits, such as a bill of rights.
T/F
True
Shays’s Rebellion broke out in
Massachusetts.
The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions argued that states could nullify federal laws. Who wrote the resolutions and in response to what federal laws?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote the resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Acts.
