Semester 2 Exam

Question 1

Describe the process of carbon capture and storage

Answer 1

Carbon capture and storage works by capturing CO2 from large sources (eg fossil fuel power plants), it is then transported and stored in a storage site. This is benefical as it reduces the amount of anthropogenic CO2 emitted. The storage of carbon occurs in underground geological formations often known as geo-sequestration.

Question 2

using an example explain how carbon storage can be used to mitigate against global climate change

Answer 2

The biggest example of this is in Midale, Canada, which has been running since 2000. 3 million tonnes of CO2 are injected into oil field sites per annum. This CO2 is capture pre-combustion in northwest dakota where it then travels 329 km to be stored. By the end of 2015, the plant had stored 32 million tonnes of CO2, and CCS will reduce the emissions of the project by 50%.

Question 3

what are the 3 main forms of carbon storage?

Answer 3

There are 3 main ways to capture CO2; before combustion, post-combustion and by burning the fuel in more oxygen and then storing all the gases produced (oxyfuel). If this CCS process is applied to power plants, it has the potential to reduce carbon emissions by 80-90%.

Question 4

define an adaptation?

Answer 4

Adaptations are when humans make changes or adjustments in response to a altered environment

Question 5

List 2 strategies of adaption to climate change:

Answer 5

• Dams and reservoirs are used in areas that are projected to see an increase in rainfall amounts in order to benefit from the changing climate.
• Genetically modified crops are currently being used in the south west of western australia due to their predicted decrease in rainfall and rise in temperatures. Genetic modification is when individual genes with specific traits are transferred from one organism to another, GM plants mean that crops are alterered to make them more resistant to certain pests, insects and diseases, heat-tolerant, drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, sturdy enough o withstand weather extremties. Current GM crops include wheat, rice, canola, squash, barley, potato, soybean, cotton and maize

Question 6

actions what are the key economic and environmental interactions between urban and rural areas? (5)

Answer 6

• Water + energy in the city = pollution dumped in rural areas
• People (migrants) tend to migrate to urban areas whilst retirees return to rural
• Fresh food transported to urban areas from rural agriculture sites whereas processed foods are transported to rural areas as they are long life.
• Ideas in urban include clear land management and self-sufficiency whereas rural areas are subject to media and urbanisation
• surplus + savings in city, investment aids in rural.

Question 7

define functions:

Answer 7

functions refer to the various land uses and services found within urban and rural places

Question 8

define functional zones:

Answer 8

functional zones refer to similar functions grouped together (eg CBD)

Question 9

internal morphology:

Answer 9

the internal morphology is the study of the layout of functions within a settlement and the processes and interactions that effect settlement.

Question 10

external morphology:

Answer 10

the external morphology of a settlement refers to the nature and extent of its overall shape and boundary.

Question 11

Land use competition, accessibility, profitability and economic rent:

Answer 11

competition within cities for land is intense. This is particularly true with respect to those areas which are highly accessible. Take for example the CBD of perth. This area enjoys particularly good transport links and is a node for rail services. As a result land prices (economic rent) within this area are high, hence the reason that multi level buildings can be found there.
-as you move further away from the CBD, land prices become cheaper- hence why you see larger, single level properties.

Question 12

what is an OBD?

Answer 12

-outer business district (eg Joondalup)

Question 13

what is urban sprawl?

Answer 13

refers to the low density outward growth of urban areas into the surrounding rural lands and ecosystems.

Question 14

define the concept of invasion

Answer 14

invasion occurs when one land use function begins to move into another land use zone

Question 15

define the concept of succession

Answer 15

succession takes place when the invading function becomes the dominant function within the area.

Question 16

what is urban blight?

Answer 16

urban blight refers to urban buildings and suburbs falling into disrepair, occurring due to uncertainty of future.

Question 17

what is the urban shadow effect?

Answer 17

urban shadow effect: where structures in rural areas adjacent to an urban area deteriorate due to land use conflict.

Question 18

what is a renewal project?

Answer 18

renewal projects are long-term government funded programs of land redevelopment occurring in moderate to high density urban areas. It often involves the relocation of businesses, structures and people.

Question 19

what is agglomeration?

Answer 19

agglomeration refers to the grouping together or clustering of similar land use functions within an urban and rural place. For example Kwinana.

Question 20

what is meant by inertia?

Answer 20

inertia is a process that acts to limit change within an urban or rural area by refusing to move from original location even though the original benefits for the O.G location no longer apply. Eg, the old perth town hall.

Question 21

what are the 3 levels of planning?

Answer 21

Federal government oversees structures such as ports, airports, national security structures etc.
State governments are responsible for overall regional and urban planning within their jurisdictions (local transport, land use planning, educational facilities. Future growth plans such as the greater Bunbury region scheme are all under state government.
Local government authorities govern local council policies and bylaws, decisions on residential areas, pathways and roads. Individual land and building owners must obtain approval from local councils before alterations or buildings commence.

Question 22

natural biomes:

Answer 22

a community of life forms adapted to a large natural area, made up of a number of ecosystems and refer to biotic or living components of a region.

Question 23

human biomes:

Answer 23

show human activity as a direct result of human interactions with ecosystems.

Question 24

why are global Forrests important?

Answer 24

• act as a carbon sink (take in Co2)
• produce oxygen
• regulate temperature