Semester 2 Flashcards
Outline candida azole resistance
CaMdrIp - major facilitator superfamily (MFS) anti-fungal efflux pump.
Leads to failure of drug accumulation.
Alterations in the Azole target protein Erg11p
Up-regulation of the Erp11p gene
What is the azole MOA?
Erg11p - inhibition leads to inhib. of ergosterol biosynthesis and accumulation of toxic sterol intermediates.
Why is resistance in fungi rare?
Clinical resistance is rare as fungi utilise sterols other than ergo sterol as a major component of their cell membrane, therefore survival pressure does not build up.
What are the four causes of malaria?
- P. falciparum
- P. vivav
- P. ovale
- P. malariae
What is the most common cause of malaria?
P. falciparum
What is the main cause of malaria outside of africa?
P.vivav
What is the chemoprophylaxis for malaria in areas w/o drug resistance?
Chloroquinine
Proguanil
What is the malaria life cycle?
- Mosquito infects blood with sporozites - this enters blood stream
- multiplies in liver for 1-2 weeks. Liver cells rupture, merozoite released
- RBC penetration
- Asexual reproduction and development into gametocytes
what does lymphatic filariasis cause?
‘ellphantiasis’ Enlargement of body parts
What does onchocerciasis cause?
Enters tissues of eye, causes inflammation and blindness
What are cestodes?
Adult tape worms that infect humans >10m and line for decades
How does infestation from tape worms occur?
Ingestion of cyst from uncooked meat/fish
What do Schistosoma spp. blood flukes cause?
Schistosomiasis
How does Schistosomiasis infection occur?
Main route of contamination is through infected water
Outline the life cycle of a schistosomiasis infection?
- Free living larvae, hatch in water and infect snail
- in snail forms larvae with large swimming tail
- infective larvae penetrate the skin of human host
- migrate through blood to lung, heart and eventually liver
- in the liver worms mature and form male:female pairs that then move on to the final destination:
- viens, bladder, bowel
