Semester 1 Test Flashcards by Trevor Christie-Taylor

distance

a measurement of how far apart objects are

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speed

the rate of change of distance (how fast an object is moving)

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mass

a measure of how much matter there is in an object

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force

a pull or push

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energy

this is measured in joules and is needed to make anything happen

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kinetic energy

the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion

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gravitational potential energy

energy stored in an object due to its position

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energy efficiency

the ratio of useful energy output compared to total energy input

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List some of the different types of forces that you know.

friction, weight, air resistance, magnetic forces, electrostatic forces, buoyancy.

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List three things that forces can do

start something moving
stop something moving
speed something up
slow something down
change an object ’s direction or
change an object ’s shape

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Explain what happens to an object when the forces are balanced..

When forces are balanced an object ’s motion does not change. The object may be stationary or if the object is moving then it is moving at a constant speed.

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Describe how using a mobile phone affects a driver’s reaction time.

Using a hands-free mobile device lengthens a driver’s reaction time.

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(b) State the two comparisons made by the researchers to describe the effect of this altered reaction time.

Reaction times of young adult drivers can be slowed to levels seen among senior citizens,
and drivers using mobile telephones are as impaired as drivers who are legally drunk.

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2 Name two driving behaviours that the researchers found were more likely to occur when a driver was speaking on a mobile phone than talking to a passenger

to drift out of their lanes and
miss exits

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3 Explain why speaking to a person in a car is not as distracting as having a conversation on a mobile phone while driving.

When speaking to a person in the car, this person can act as a second set of eyes for the driver. Because they are aware of the driving situation, the passenger can assist the driver by navigating, can alert the driver of hazards or can pause their conversation when the driver needs to concentrate more fully.

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Advantages of using a hands-free mobile device while driving

making use of travel time by conversing with people
organising work schedules and appointments
For example, can check where you are meeting other people

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Disadvantages of using a hands-free mobile device while driving

For example, not able to fully concentrate on the road
For example, more likely to miss exits or hazards

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Newton’s second law of motion can be stated as:

Fnet = m × a

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What is Fnet

the sum of all forces acting on an object in Newtons (N)

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The equation for kinetic energy

Ek = 1/2 mv(squared)

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Equation for gravitational potential energy

Ep = mgh g=9.8

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Describe how the gravitational potential energy changes as people travel down reach halfway down a slope on a roller coaster

half of their gravitational potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy.

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Assume something travels from point A to point C How would you work out kinetic energy at a point C if you have gravitational potential energy at point A and at point C

Kinetic energy is the difference between Ep at point A and EP at point C

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The straight line distance between the finishing and the starting point, written with a direction

Displacement

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Friction force produced by moving air (two words)

air resistance

The rate of change of distance

speed

Constant speed produced when air resistance balanced gravity (two words)

Terminal velocity

The rate of change of speed

accelaration

another name for newtons first law

inertia

the acceleration of an object depends upon the size of the force acting and the object’s

mass

The unit used to measure energy

joule

The energy of a stretched or compressed spring is

elastic potential energy

A measure of the amount of useful energy produced

efficiency

Formula for average acceleration

a = (v-u)/t

Which has a greater effect on the kinetic energy of an object, its speed or its mass? Explain

Because the speed of the object is squared in this relationship, the speed of an object has a far greater effect on its kinetic energy compared to its mass.

Explain what is meant by the term `the law of conservation of energy’

The law of conservation of energy describes the fact that energy can never be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed into different forms of energy.

Chemical formula of hydrogen gas

Chemical formula of Hydrochloric acid

HCL

Chemical formula of sodium chloride

NaCl

Chemical formula of sulfuric acid

H(2)SO(2)

Chemical formula of methane

CH(2)

chemical reaction

When atoms are rearranged to produce one or more new substances

reactants

the substances that react in a chemical reaction

the name for the substances formed in a chemical reaction

products

what ion does sodium form

sodium ion Na+ (the charge is important)

what ion does chlorine form

chloride Cl- (the charge is important)

what ion does oxygen form

oxide 02- (the charge is important)

what ion does beryllium form

Beryllium ion Be(2+) 2 positive

what ion does aluminium form

Aluminium ion Al(3+)

which ion is NO3-

Nitrate

which ion is OH-

Hydroxide

which ion is SO4(2-)

sulphate

Zac designed an experiment to measure the mass of 1 g of magnesium (Mg) as it burnt in oxygen gas (O2) to produce magnesium oxide (MgO) Construct particle model diagrams showing the atoms in the reactants and products before and after the reaction in Zac’s experiment.

Zac designed an experiment to measure the mass of 1 g of magnesium (Mg) as it burnt in oxygen gas (O2) to produce magnesium oxide (MgO). Construct a word equation

magnesium + oxygen ➔ magnesium oxide

Zac designed an experiment to measure the mass of 1 g of magnesium (Mg) as it burnt in oxygen gas (O2) to produce magnesium oxide (MgO). Construct a formula equation

2Mg(s) + O2(g) ➔ 2MgO(s)

What type of chemical reaction happens when one reactant breaks apart to form two or more products

decomposition

What type of chemical reaction happens when two aqueous solutions mix to produce a solid

precipitation

What type of chemical reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water

neutralisation

how is the rate of chemical reactions can be controlled by the temperature

When the temperature is lowered, the particles travel slower. This means they collide less frequently and with less force and the rate of reaction is reduced.

What are 5 things that change the rate of a chemical reaction

Temperature Concentration of reactants Surface area of reactants Agitation Catalysts

Atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. Therefore, there must be the same number of atoms in the reactants as in the products of a chemical reaction. This law of science is known as

The law of conservation of mass

Chemical reactions that release energy are known as

exothermic

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are known as

endothermic

Oxygen gas is often involved in exothermic reactions such as

combustion, respiration, and corrosion

What is it called where one reactant breaks apart to form several products

decomposition

Precipitation reactions are reactions where two _______ compounds in solution mix to form _________

soluble solid (precipitate)

example of a fast chemical reaction

explosion

example of a slow chemical reaction

rust

Nature produces its own chemical helpers called

enzymes

what is carbon reduction

carbon compounds gain electrons or become less oxidized. This means it is more stable

Explain electrolysis

1. electrolysis uses electricity to break down substances into their smaller parts. 2. It's like an electrical "splitting" process where positive charges go to one electrode, gain electrons, and become new substances, 3 while negative charges go to the other electrode and also change into different substances.

What is group 1 in the periodic table -some examples

Alkali metals are located in Group 1 of the Periodic Table and include elements such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and so on.

Who discovered DNA

Johannes Friedrich Miescher

what are the four types of nucleotide bases

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

what did Chargaff discover

nucleotides are not arranged in the same order in all species

who developed the double helix

Watson and Crick

What is the building block of DNA

nucleotide

The complementary base pairing rules state that

adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C).

What are thread like structures made of DNA

chromosomes

what is a gene

a section of DNA that carries the necessary information to code for a polypeptide chain

The complementary base pairing is based on

hydrogen bonding between the bases