Semester 1 Final (+Q1 Final) Flashcards
What are the signs of a Chemical Change? Examples.
Formation of gas, temperature change, color change, formation of a precipitate (solid), odor change. Burn wood, bake a cake, rust iron, etc.
What are some examples of a Physical Change?
Ice melting, paper crumpling, boiling water, mixing sand and water, etc.
What is cohesion? Explain using water.
The sticking together of particles of the same substance. Water is attracted to water.
What is adhesion? Explain using water.
The attraction between particles of different substances. Water is attracted to other substances.
Mixture
A substance made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not chemically bonded.
Solute
The substance being dissolved
Solvent
The dissolving medium
Solution
A homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent
Exothermic Reactions
More energy is released than absorbed. Releases heat, causing an increase in temperature of the reaction mixture.
Endothermic Reactions
More energy is absorbed than released. Accompanied by a decrease in temperature of the reaction mixture.
Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter is never created or destroyed. So, the same amount of matter exists both before and after the chemical reaction took place.
Reactants
The original substance or substances in a chemical reaction
Products
The substance or substances that form in a chemical reaction
What was Dmitri Mendeleev’s importance to chemistry?
He created the periodic table. He devised the periodic classification of the chemical elements, in which the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight.
Atomic Mass. Where is it located?
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Bottom of the element square.
What are the six elements that make up 98% of life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
How many electrons can each level of a bohr model hold?
1st EnergyLevel = 2. 2nd Energy Level = 8. 3rd Energy Level = 18
What are the energy changes that accompany each state?
Solid to liquid = lose energy. Solid to gas = lose energy. Liquid to gas = lose energy. Gas to solid = gain energy. Liquid to solid = gain energy. Gas to liquid = gain energy.
Heat
a flow of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature.
Temperature
a measurement of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object
Kinetic Energy
The energy of an object or system’s particles in motion
Potential Energy
Stored energy in any object or system
Thermal Energy
The energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature.
Electrical Energy
The power an atom’s charged particles have to cause an action or move an object
Mechanical Energy
The energy of either an object in motion or the energy that is stored in objects by their position. The sum of kinetic and potential energy.
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Electromagnetic Energy
Radiant energy that travels in waves at the speed of light.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy is never created nor destroyed.
What are prokaryotic cells?
No nucleus. Small and simple. No organelles. Are very abundant. All are unicellular. Cells have a sticky capsule. All cells have cell walls. Live in a wide variety of environments. All are bacteria. Have ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Some have flagella.
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cells have a nucleus and organelles. Can be unicellular or multicellular. Have a cytoskeleton. Some have cilia. Includes everything that is not bacteria. Have ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Some have flagella.
Mitochondria
These organelles convert energy stored in food into a form the cell can use. Cells that need a lot of energy have more mitochondria than do cells that need less energy. Powerhouse! EK.
Ribosomes
Make proteins inside the cytoplasm to help the cell grow. PK + EK
Nucleus
A membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic information and gives instructions for making proteins and other materials the cell needs. EK.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Does not contain ribosomes. Makes fat-based molecules, called lipids, that are used to make membranes. EK.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Located near the nucleus and contains ribosomes on its surface. It’s involved in making and processing proteins. EK.
Golgi Apparatus
Takes proteins from the ER and moves them to different parts of the cell. EK.
Protein
Biomolecule that carries out functions in the organism.
Cell membrane
Surrounds and protects the cell and controls what materials go into and out of it. Holds the organelles. EK + PK
Lysosome
Contains powerful chemicals known as enzymes that break down food and waste materials. EK.
Vacuole
Plants only. A large central vacuole is bound by membrane and contains materials and waste. It also maintains adequate pressure within the plant cell.
Chloroplast
Plants only. Chloroplasts capture energy from the sunlight and change it into food (glucose) that stores energy for the cell to use (photosynthesis).
Cell wall
Plants only. A cell wall surrounds the entire plant cell, including its cell membrane, and supports the plant cell. Most bacterial cells, which are prokaryotic, also have cell walls. Provides shape for plant cells.
List the body levels of organization from SMALLEST to LARGEST.
Atomic/Molecular Level. Cellular Level. Tissue Level. Organ Level. Organ System Level. Organis, Level. Population Level Community Level. Ecosystem (Biome) Level. Biosphere.
Cell
Smallest unit of biological organization that is considered alive.
Tissue
A group of distinct and similar cells that carry out a specific set of functions.
Organs
Groups of tissues organized to carry out a particular set of functions.
Organ Systems
Groups of organs that function together to carry out broad sets of functions.
Organism
The biological organization level that has its own distinct existence as a complex, self-producing unit.
Population
A group of freely interacting and breeding individuals of the same species.
Community
The populations of different species living and interacting together in a distinct area.
Ecosystem
Distinguishable groups of species of the abiotic (non-living) component of the environment with which the living creatures interact. Ex. forests, prairies, deserts.
Biosphere
The region on, below, and above the Earth’s surface where life exists.
Describe the process of photosynthesis
A series of chemical reactions in which the cells of producers use energy from the sun to make carbon-based food molecules called glucose (sugars). Carbon dioxide and water combine to form sugar molecules and release oxygen. Chemical energy is released.
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Water, light, and carbon dioxide
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
Why is cellular respiration important to all living things?
It provides cells with the energy they need to function.
Explain the process of cellular respiration.
It uses oxygen to release the energy stored in food molecules.
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Energy, carbon dioxide, and water
What is the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment.
Feedback
A cycle of events in which information from one step controls or affects the previous step.
Negative Feedback
Occurs when the body senses a change in its internal environment and activates processes that will slow or prevent the change.
Positive Feedback
Occurs when the body activates processes that increase or reinforce the change.
Respiratory System
Take oxygen into the body from the air and remove carbon dioxide out of the body
Circulatory System
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and waste away
Integumentary System
Protects internal organs from dirt and UV, regulates body temp
Skeletal System
Provides framework, protects vital organs, makes blood cells
Endocrine System
Uses hormones to regulate body functions, growth, and development
Muscular System
Movement, pumps blood, and moves food through the digestive tract, breathing…
Excretory System
Filters blood and removes liquid waste
Digestive System
Breaks down food into useable energy and removes solid waste
Nervous System
Sends and receives electrical messages to allow your other organs to function
