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AP Psych > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

The…approach to psych emphasizes the scientific study of observable responses and their environmental determinants

A

Behavioral

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2
Q

Which if the following scenarios best illustrated the method of introspection used by wilhelm Wundt?

A

Researcher documents his subjects description of an experience

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3
Q

During a therapy session, he asks about her dreams bc he believes they are the key to her unconscious mind. What approach

A

Psychodynamic

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4
Q

A psychologist rolling the humanistic approach would be most interested in how:

A

People make choices that lead to positive growth

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5
Q

According to Abraham Maslow, striving to reach ones unique potential and being all that you can be in life is called

A

Self actualization

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6
Q

Which approach best explains adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for specific human behaviors

A

Evolutionary approach

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7
Q

Rorschach ink blots and thematic apperception test are two techniques designed to uncover unconscious memories, thoughts, or notices.

A

Projective tests

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8
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder falls under which category of psychological disorders

A

Anxiety

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9
Q

Paul has difficulty dating. A cognitive psychologist would probably say that Paul should

A

Examine his thoughts and pessimistic way of viewing himself to see what keeps him stuck in this pattern

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10
Q

Which of the following philosophies holds that knowledge is best gained through observation and experiences

A

Empiricism

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11
Q

When studying sociocultural psychology, what type of culture emphasizes the social group, and family and interdependence within the larger group in a social context

A

Collectivist culture

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12
Q

William James focused on human interactions with the outside world, the ability to adapt to change, and the purpose of thoughts. His view is

A

Functionalism

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13
Q

Marisol is in an automobile accident and suffers damage to the medulla. What is marisol most likely to experience

A

An absence of vital functions such as heart rate and respiration

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14
Q

Martha was hit by a car and her brain was damaged. Now she has trouble standing and walking upright with coordinated movements. Behaviors that she used to perform in a coordinated way are awkward and jerky. What part of her brain was most likely damaged

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

Trina has difficulty with arousal and waking up. She falls asleep more than she should. The neurologist suspects damage from a very small stroke. Where in her brain should he look

A

Reticular formation

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16
Q

Peters stroke left him unable to control his appetite. As a result he is quickly becoming obese. What part of the brain that controls hunger did the stroke probably damage

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What structure in the brain is a great relay center and receives inputs from most of our senses

A

Thalamus

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18
Q

Tom sustained brain damage as a result of the boating accident. He no longer seems to register intense emotions when he should be extremely angry, aggressive, or frightened. What part of his brain was most likely damaged?

A

Amygdala

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19
Q

The occipital lobes contain

A

The primary visual cortex

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20
Q

Carmelita was shot in the head and now she doesn’t respond to touch. Her doctor stuck pins into her arms and legs, but she was unable to feel any sensation. Where was her brain damaged

A

Parietal lobe

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21
Q

Which is the expressive speech center in the left frontal lobe

A

Broca’s area

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22
Q

Kurts brain was damaged as the result of a bad fall. He can no longer hear or use sound properly. What part of brain was damaged

A

Temporal lobe

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23
Q

Major nerve fiber pathway connecting the right and left hemisphere of the brain

A

Corpus callosum

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24
Q

uncontrolled variables that were not taken into consideration at the beginning of an experiment but that may have effects on the dependent variable (instead of just the independent variable causing the end result) are described as

A

confounding variables

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25
Q

when a study cannot be generalized to other populations, settings, and conditions it is said to

A

lack external validity

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26
Q

a research design involves 2 randomly assigned groups of participants. one group receives a one time treatment , and the other does not. later, the 2 groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. psychologists call this kind of research

A

an experiment

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27
Q

the variable that the experimenter manipulates in a study to see what it will lead to is called

A

independent variable

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28
Q

professor jones carefully watches and records the behaviors of children on the playground in order to track the development of their physical skills. He makes sure that he is being as unobtrusive as possible. Professor Jones is engaged in:

A

naturalistic observation

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29
Q

Pat has just finished participating in an experiment that a professor has conducted. The professor gives Pat a summary that describes the study and explains to him if he was part of the experimental group or the control group. He offers to answer any questions that Pat may have about the study before he leaves. What is this process called that must be done at the end of every experiment?

A

debriefing

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30
Q

if you take one schafts super power pill the night before a test, then you will have higher test scores. In this hypothesis, what is the independent variable?

A

the Schafts Super Power Pill

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31
Q

in the above experiment, what is the dependent variable

A

the test scores

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32
Q

which of the following correlation coefficients most likely represents the relationship between length of sleep deprivation and level of alertness

A

-0.4

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33
Q

in a research study, informed consent is a concern of

A

ethics

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34
Q

the correlation between 2 measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a

A

scatterplot

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35
Q

an instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. the difference was not statistically significant.

A

there is a possible that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance

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36
Q

the MOST effective way to eliminate experimenter bias

A

use a double blind design

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37
Q

an example of a negative correlation

A

the more alcohol a person drinks, the lower he tends to score on a memory test

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38
Q

in experimental psychology, a significant difference (statistically significant) refers to:

A

difference not likely due to chance

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39
Q

Emma’s grandson is ill, she doesn’t have medicine for him. She mixes up some juice, puts it in a medicine bottle, and gives it to him. bc he sees the medicine bottle, he assumes it is medicine. a little later, he starts to feel better. the effect of the juice on his condition is known as:

A

placebo effect

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40
Q

in order to yield info that is generalized to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be

A

representative of the population

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41
Q

statements that describe in detail the exact methods used to manipulate and or measure the variables in research experiments and are helpful for the replication process by other scientists are known as:

A

operational definitions

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42
Q

the most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that is:

A

seeks to establish a cause-effect relationship

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43
Q

a double-blind control is essential for which of the following

A

assessment of a new drug treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms

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44
Q

which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable?

A

some aspect of a participant’s response that is measured in an experiment

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45
Q

a study of an individual or group of people over an extended period of time is called

A

longitudinal study

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46
Q

which of the following statistics best approximates the relation between the variables?

A

r= -.90

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47
Q

if students get approximately the same score on the second administration of a test as they did on the first, then the test is

A

reliable

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48
Q

which scatterplot depicts the most predictive negative correlation between 2 variables?

A

c. line from top to bottom corner and dots close to line / look at other correlations

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49
Q

the dependent variable in this study is the

A

problem solving test scores

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50
Q

the independent variable in this stud is the

A

noise level

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51
Q

the center of emotions is the

A

limbic system

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52
Q

what does an eeg measure

A

brain wave patterns

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53
Q

sensory neurons bring info from the sensory receptors up to the spinal cord and brain. another name for sensory neurons is

A

afferent neurons

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54
Q

chemicals that carry messages across synapses are called

A

neurotransmitters

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55
Q

mode of function of synaptic transmission

A

a chemical messenger

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56
Q

low levels of serotonin are associated with which disorder

A

clinical depression

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57
Q

after an emergency is over, which part of the nervous system functions to conserve energy and restore the body to a resting or equilibrium state

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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58
Q

the ability of the brain to strengthen neural connections at synapses as well as to establish new synapses is called

A

synaptic (neural) plasticity

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59
Q

an action potential has just occurred. before a neuron can fire again, the membrane of the neuron must become repolarized. the rest time between action potentials is called to ___ period

A

refractory

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60
Q

During the war, a soldier was hit in the head. After his recovery he could not understand spoken language. He could hear words but was unable to decipher their meaning. Wheres the damage?

A

Wernickes area

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61
Q

L-Dopa is a medication that has been successful in reducing symptoms of what specific disease

A

Parkinsons disease

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62
Q

in split brain patients, what was cut in order to reduce seizures

A

corpus callosum

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63
Q

a reflex behavior, such as withdrawing your hand when it touches a hot surface, is directed by the :

A

spinal cord

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64
Q

activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in

A

an increase in respiratory rate

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65
Q

the primary effect of the myelin sheath is to

A

increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon

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66
Q

which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold

A

the movement of +sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential

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67
Q

which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision making

A

cerebral cortex

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68
Q

correctly describe the firing of neurons

A

an all or none response

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69
Q

not an activity based in the left hemisphere of the brain

A

appreciation of art and music=right

left=speech, analytical thinking, logical thinking, sequential thinking and reasoning

70
Q

area of brain is located in the brain stem and is involved in sleep and arousal, especially the REM stage of sleep (dreaming)

A

Pons

71
Q

Alzheimer’s disease may be due to a reduction in which neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

72
Q

what happens during the reuptake process

A

the transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminals

73
Q

Branchlike fibers called ___ collect messages from adjacent neurons and pass them along to the cell body of the receiving neuron

A

dendrites

74
Q

which is referred to as the “Master Gland” that regulates growth hormones and other endocrine glands and is located near the hypothalamus

A

the pituitary gland

75
Q

which system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body

A

endocrine system

76
Q

another name for mingling of the senses in which a person may experience sounds as colors or taste as touch sensations or different shapes is

A

synthesis

77
Q

the optic nerve is made up of the axons of what type of cells

A

ganglion cells

78
Q

the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can first be detected at least 50% of the time correctly is called the

A

absolute threshold

79
Q

the process whereby the characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses that can travel along a nerve through the brain is called

A

transduction

80
Q

you notice there is a soft humming sound coming from your kitchen. after several minutes, you become aware that its getting louder. the smallest change between two stimuli that people can perceive correctly 50% of the time is called the

A

difference threshold

81
Q

when you first bought a new watch, you definitely felt the new watchband on your wrist. However, after several hours, you completely forgot that you even had a watch on. this diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is called

A

sensory adaptation

82
Q

in the middle ear, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup are 3 types of little bones known as the

A

ossicles

83
Q

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the back of the retina and which contains no receptor cells is called the

A

blind spot

84
Q

sensory neurons that respond to particular characteristics of a stimulus, such as its shape, angle, or color (wheres waldo)

A

feature detectors

85
Q

the general function of the bones of the middle ear is to

A

transfer sound info from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

86
Q

transduction occurs in which part of the ear

A

the cochlea

87
Q

the thalamus processes info for all of the following senses except

A

smell

88
Q

a man dressed in a gorillas suit walks through a crowd playing bball. witnesses of this event were so focused on the bball that they didnt notice the man in the gorilla suit. this is

A

inattentional blindness

89
Q

in psych, gestalt principles are used to explain

A

perceptual organization

90
Q

where is the vestibular sense located

A

in the inner ear

91
Q

photoreceptors relay visual info to the brain through which of the following cells

A

bipolar and ganglion

92
Q

another name for the eardrum is the

A

tympanic membrane

93
Q

damage to which structure would inhibit the transduction of light into neural activity

A

the retina

94
Q

the color vision theory stating that there are 3 types of color receptors in the retina-red, blue, and green- and that combos of activation of these receptors can produce perception of any hue in the visible spectrum. this theory is called the

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

95
Q

Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. on the last trial, Bob said that he saw a stimulus and in fact there was NO stimulus present. Bobs answer would be classified as

A

false alarm

96
Q

Susan is participating in an absolute threshold study on hearing. She just said that she was able to hear a sound and in fact, a sound was actually presented to her. Susan’s response would be an example of a

A

hit

97
Q

Feature detectors are located in the

A

primary visual cortex

98
Q

which specific brain wave patterns occur right before falling asleep when you are very relaxed

A

alpha

99
Q

the deepest stages of sleep, stage 3 and 4 are signified by which brain pattern

A

delta

100
Q

in what stage does dreaming usually occur

A

the REM stage

101
Q

Somnambulism is the technical term for

A

sleepwalking

102
Q

During a heated argument, Mr Smith suddenly lapsed from being awake and alert into REM stage of sleep for a few moments. Which seizure-like sleep disorder does he have?

A

narcolepsy

103
Q

Generally, in what stage of sleep does a night terror occur in children?

A

stage 4

104
Q

What is the name of the brain wave pattern that occurs when one is wide awake and alert

A

Beta

105
Q

A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-25 hr cycle is called

A

circadian rythym

106
Q

a sleep disorder in which there is a temporary stoppage of breathing during the deeper sleep cycles is called

A

sleep apnea

107
Q

during REM sleep, which is most likely to occur in most people

A

suppressed muscle tone

108
Q

Theta brain wave patterns occur in which stage of sleep

A

Stage 1

109
Q

Sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep

A

Stage 2

110
Q

When you become aware of the fact that you are asleep and dreaming and or can control the content of your dream, it is referred to as

A

a lucid dream

111
Q

in court, the defendent claimed that he was not guilty of killing his mom bc he suffered from a sleep disorder. An expert witness testified that the disorder might lead him to sleepwalk and act out violently during his dreams. the disorder is called:

A

REM behavior disorder

112
Q

according to Freud, the disguised, deep hidden psychological meaning of a dream is specifically called its

A

latent content

113
Q

What is the REM Rebound effect

A

it occurs when a person has been sleep deprived; when one falls asleep, you go quickly into the REM stage and stay there longer at the beginning of the night’s sleep to make up for lost REM

114
Q

Hypnosis has been used most successfully when

A

the control of pain and discomfort

115
Q

Which theory of dreams states that dreams are the by-product of neural activity in the lower brain?

A

activation-synthesis theory

116
Q

Zach often goes drinking with friends. Over time, he realizes that he can drink a lot more alcohol than he used to and still not get drunk. His body’s decreasing responsiveness to the drug is called

A

Tolerance

117
Q

a drug classification that includes medications that lessen pain by mimicking endorphins is called

A

Opiates

118
Q

which is not a stimulant? Alcohol, cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines

A

alcohol

119
Q

you train your dog to walk on his hind legs by first reinforcing rearing, then standing up, and ten taking more and more steps. this technique of strengthening behavior successive approximations is called

A

shaping

120
Q

Albert Bandura’s BOBO doll experiment emphasized the powerful impact on what type of learning

A

observational learning

121
Q

According to Edward Thorndike, if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by a reward, that same response is more likely to be made the next time the stimulus is encountered. He referred to this as

A

the Law of Effect

122
Q

Receiving your paycheck on friday at 3pm is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule

A

fixed interval

123
Q

Carl has learned to fear the bell on his phone bc every time the phone rings a prank caller starts shouting at him. he now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Carl is affected by stimulus:

A

generalization

124
Q

for operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response

A

immediately after

125
Q

Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for taste associated with

A

sickness

126
Q

according to what schedule of reinforcement do slot machines in Las Vegas pay off

A

variable ratio

127
Q

Pavlovs dog has stopped salivating to the sound of a bell. the response has been extinguished. a few weeks later, Pavlov places the dog back into the lab setting and rings a bell wo the UCS. if the dog should start to salivate even a small amount, this would be called

A

spontaneous recovery

128
Q

Wolfgang Kohler considered Sultan the chimps sudden awareness of a solution to his problem of how to reach the bananas is evidence of

A

insight

129
Q

after several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of classical conditioning if the dog salivates when

A

the tone only is presented

130
Q

response that was most likely acquired through classical conditioning

A

a childs fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog

131
Q

in ivan pavlovs experiments in classical conditioning, the dogs salivation was

A

both an unconditioned and conditioned response

132
Q

after learning to fear a white rabbit, baby albert also demonstrated a fear of a white rat, santa mask, and other things white and furry. this demonstrates

A

stimulus generalization

133
Q

punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the

A

punishment is delivered immediately after the behavior

134
Q

an individuals fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been

A

extinguished

135
Q

taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes

A

negative reinforcement

136
Q

which approach to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior

A

behaviorist

137
Q

a reinforcement system that utilizes such things as points or chips that can be redeemed later for tangible rewards to reinforce desired behavior is called

A

a token economy

138
Q

when tom comes home late one night, his parents are angry and take away his phone and car privileges for a week. toms parents are using

A

punishment

139
Q

your interview for a job you really want on a monday. they tell you that they will call you at the end of the week to notify you if you get the job or not. this is an example of what type of schedule of reinforcement

A

variable interval

140
Q

the concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations

A

a college student is no longer kept awake by her roomates late night typing

141
Q

you stay inside on very hot days because you dont want to expose yourself to the heat. by doing so, you dont subject yourself to such problems as sunburns and heatstroke, the learning that has taken place is most similar to which of the following

A

avoidance conditioning

142
Q

best example of shaping

A

a teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten min on monday and more time throughout week

143
Q

for extinction to occur, which must be true of the CR, CS, and UCS

A

the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength

144
Q

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting

A

learned helplessness

145
Q

research has revealed that the cerebellum plays a particularly important role in the formation of

A

procedural memories

146
Q

Jim has a hard time remembering to do things that he plans to do in the future. these memories are examples of ___ memories and the frontal lobe is thought to play a role in their retrieval

A

prospective

147
Q

the inability of most people to remember personal experience from the first few years of their lives is technically called

A

infantile amnesia

148
Q

john is feeling very happy and content today and has noticed that he seems to have a better memory for several positive events from his past. this example of improved recall best demonstrates the phenomenon of

A

mood congruent recall

149
Q

just before leaving college at the end of her senior year, Gail decides to visit the dorm where she lived her first year and she remembered many events that took place in the dorm that she thought she had forgotten. Gail’s enhanced memory is most readily explained by the predictions of

A

context dependent memory

150
Q

your memory of what happened to you on a childhood trip to Disney would best be considered an example of

A

episodic memory

151
Q

mr jones wrote out a grocery list but forgot to take it with him to the store. rather than return for the list, he decided to buy as many items as he could remember. when he got home, he discovered that the foods he bought were mainly those that appeared at the beginning of his list. what is this

A

primacy effect

152
Q

the following list of words were read aloud: sunshine, beach, ocean, sea, aardvark, lifeguard, waves, swim, tan, bikini. you remember aardvark-what is this

A

semantic distinctiveness

153
Q

after being introduced to a roomfull of people, you discover that your memory is quite good for the last few names. this is an example of

A

recency effect

154
Q

according to the serial position effect, which item from a list is LEAST likely to be remembered

A

the middle one

155
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is a disorder

A

associated with chronic alcoholism

156
Q

which theory of forgetting states that forgetfulness is due to the passage of time and not using the info stored

A

decay theory

157
Q

Plaques and tangles are associated with which of the following diseases

A

Alzheimers disease

158
Q

___ is best defined as intentional processing that requires conscious attention

A

effortful processing

159
Q

a middle-school teacher places words such as “calm” and “success” on the walls of his classroom to impact the behavior and achievement of his students. what memory process is he using?

A

priming

160
Q

what area of the brain plays a major role for encoding long term declarative memories, such as names, dates, and facts

A

hippocampus

161
Q

how to ride a bike, tie your shoe, and drive a car are all examples of

A

procedural memories

162
Q

what part of a brain is involved with remembering skills of how to do things such as riding a bike and driving a car

A

cerebellum

163
Q

the memory problems of Alzheimers patients appear to be related to a deficiency in neurons that use which of the following neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine

164
Q

the psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory

A

retrieval

165
Q

which process transfers info from sensory memory to short term memory

A

selective attention

166
Q

in basic memory processes, the first basic process is known as

A

encoding

167
Q

George was hurt in a motorcycle accident and suffered memory loss for info acquired prior to his head trauma. his problem is

A

retrograde amnesia

168
Q

word list given, bunch of words that have to do with sleep, you say that

A

constructive memory (confabulation)

169
Q

brian was hit in the head with a baseball. Afterwards, he seemed to be fine and could remember everything about his past, but was having trouble forming new memories.He could not convert new short term memories into long term memories. His doctor diagnosed his problem as

A

anterograde amnesia

170
Q

George studied Spanish in high school. When he went to college, he decided to study Italian. He found the class very difficult bc he kept using Spanish vocab and Spanish verb endings. This difficulty in which previously learned info is getting in the way of learning new info is called

A

proactive interference

171
Q

Dana is attempting to remember a list of items on a shopping list. She forms an image of her house and mentally places each item on the list in different locations throughout her house. Dana now associates each location in her house with different items on the list. Which of the following best describes this process?

A

method of loci

AP Psych (3 decks)

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