Semester 1 Final Flashcards
The…approach to psych emphasizes the scientific study of observable responses and their environmental determinants
Behavioral
Which if the following scenarios best illustrated the method of introspection used by wilhelm Wundt?
Researcher documents his subjects description of an experience
During a therapy session, he asks about her dreams bc he believes they are the key to her unconscious mind. What approach
Psychodynamic
A psychologist rolling the humanistic approach would be most interested in how:
People make choices that lead to positive growth
According to Abraham Maslow, striving to reach ones unique potential and being all that you can be in life is called
Self actualization
Which approach best explains adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for specific human behaviors
Evolutionary approach
Rorschach ink blots and thematic apperception test are two techniques designed to uncover unconscious memories, thoughts, or notices.
Projective tests
Post traumatic stress disorder falls under which category of psychological disorders
Anxiety
Paul has difficulty dating. A cognitive psychologist would probably say that Paul should
Examine his thoughts and pessimistic way of viewing himself to see what keeps him stuck in this pattern
Which of the following philosophies holds that knowledge is best gained through observation and experiences
Empiricism
When studying sociocultural psychology, what type of culture emphasizes the social group, and family and interdependence within the larger group in a social context
Collectivist culture
William James focused on human interactions with the outside world, the ability to adapt to change, and the purpose of thoughts. His view is
Functionalism
Marisol is in an automobile accident and suffers damage to the medulla. What is marisol most likely to experience
An absence of vital functions such as heart rate and respiration
Martha was hit by a car and her brain was damaged. Now she has trouble standing and walking upright with coordinated movements. Behaviors that she used to perform in a coordinated way are awkward and jerky. What part of her brain was most likely damaged
Cerebellum
Trina has difficulty with arousal and waking up. She falls asleep more than she should. The neurologist suspects damage from a very small stroke. Where in her brain should he look
Reticular formation
Peters stroke left him unable to control his appetite. As a result he is quickly becoming obese. What part of the brain that controls hunger did the stroke probably damage
Hypothalamus
What structure in the brain is a great relay center and receives inputs from most of our senses
Thalamus
Tom sustained brain damage as a result of the boating accident. He no longer seems to register intense emotions when he should be extremely angry, aggressive, or frightened. What part of his brain was most likely damaged?
Amygdala
The occipital lobes contain
The primary visual cortex
Carmelita was shot in the head and now she doesn’t respond to touch. Her doctor stuck pins into her arms and legs, but she was unable to feel any sensation. Where was her brain damaged
Parietal lobe
Which is the expressive speech center in the left frontal lobe
Broca’s area
Kurts brain was damaged as the result of a bad fall. He can no longer hear or use sound properly. What part of brain was damaged
Temporal lobe
Major nerve fiber pathway connecting the right and left hemisphere of the brain
Corpus callosum
uncontrolled variables that were not taken into consideration at the beginning of an experiment but that may have effects on the dependent variable (instead of just the independent variable causing the end result) are described as
confounding variables
when a study cannot be generalized to other populations, settings, and conditions it is said to
lack external validity
a research design involves 2 randomly assigned groups of participants. one group receives a one time treatment , and the other does not. later, the 2 groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. psychologists call this kind of research
an experiment
the variable that the experimenter manipulates in a study to see what it will lead to is called
independent variable
professor jones carefully watches and records the behaviors of children on the playground in order to track the development of their physical skills. He makes sure that he is being as unobtrusive as possible. Professor Jones is engaged in:
naturalistic observation
Pat has just finished participating in an experiment that a professor has conducted. The professor gives Pat a summary that describes the study and explains to him if he was part of the experimental group or the control group. He offers to answer any questions that Pat may have about the study before he leaves. What is this process called that must be done at the end of every experiment?
debriefing
if you take one schafts super power pill the night before a test, then you will have higher test scores. In this hypothesis, what is the independent variable?
the Schafts Super Power Pill
in the above experiment, what is the dependent variable
the test scores
which of the following correlation coefficients most likely represents the relationship between length of sleep deprivation and level of alertness
-0.4
in a research study, informed consent is a concern of
ethics
the correlation between 2 measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a
scatterplot
an instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. the difference was not statistically significant.
there is a possible that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance
the MOST effective way to eliminate experimenter bias
use a double blind design
an example of a negative correlation
the more alcohol a person drinks, the lower he tends to score on a memory test
in experimental psychology, a significant difference (statistically significant) refers to:
difference not likely due to chance
Emma’s grandson is ill, she doesn’t have medicine for him. She mixes up some juice, puts it in a medicine bottle, and gives it to him. bc he sees the medicine bottle, he assumes it is medicine. a little later, he starts to feel better. the effect of the juice on his condition is known as:
placebo effect
in order to yield info that is generalized to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be
representative of the population
statements that describe in detail the exact methods used to manipulate and or measure the variables in research experiments and are helpful for the replication process by other scientists are known as:
operational definitions
the most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that is:
seeks to establish a cause-effect relationship
a double-blind control is essential for which of the following
assessment of a new drug treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms
which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable?
some aspect of a participant’s response that is measured in an experiment
a study of an individual or group of people over an extended period of time is called
longitudinal study
which of the following statistics best approximates the relation between the variables?
r= -.90
if students get approximately the same score on the second administration of a test as they did on the first, then the test is
reliable
which scatterplot depicts the most predictive negative correlation between 2 variables?
c. line from top to bottom corner and dots close to line / look at other correlations
the dependent variable in this study is the
problem solving test scores
the independent variable in this stud is the
noise level
the center of emotions is the
limbic system
what does an eeg measure
brain wave patterns
sensory neurons bring info from the sensory receptors up to the spinal cord and brain. another name for sensory neurons is
afferent neurons
chemicals that carry messages across synapses are called
neurotransmitters
mode of function of synaptic transmission
a chemical messenger
low levels of serotonin are associated with which disorder
clinical depression
after an emergency is over, which part of the nervous system functions to conserve energy and restore the body to a resting or equilibrium state
the parasympathetic nervous system
the ability of the brain to strengthen neural connections at synapses as well as to establish new synapses is called
synaptic (neural) plasticity
an action potential has just occurred. before a neuron can fire again, the membrane of the neuron must become repolarized. the rest time between action potentials is called to ___ period
refractory
During the war, a soldier was hit in the head. After his recovery he could not understand spoken language. He could hear words but was unable to decipher their meaning. Wheres the damage?
Wernickes area
L-Dopa is a medication that has been successful in reducing symptoms of what specific disease
Parkinsons disease
in split brain patients, what was cut in order to reduce seizures
corpus callosum
a reflex behavior, such as withdrawing your hand when it touches a hot surface, is directed by the :
spinal cord
activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in
an increase in respiratory rate
the primary effect of the myelin sheath is to
increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon
which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold
the movement of +sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential
which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision making
cerebral cortex
correctly describe the firing of neurons
an all or none response
not an activity based in the left hemisphere of the brain
appreciation of art and music=right
left=speech, analytical thinking, logical thinking, sequential thinking and reasoning
area of brain is located in the brain stem and is involved in sleep and arousal, especially the REM stage of sleep (dreaming)
Pons
Alzheimer’s disease may be due to a reduction in which neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
what happens during the reuptake process
the transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminals
Branchlike fibers called ___ collect messages from adjacent neurons and pass them along to the cell body of the receiving neuron
dendrites
which is referred to as the “Master Gland” that regulates growth hormones and other endocrine glands and is located near the hypothalamus
the pituitary gland
which system produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body
endocrine system
another name for mingling of the senses in which a person may experience sounds as colors or taste as touch sensations or different shapes is
synthesis
the optic nerve is made up of the axons of what type of cells
ganglion cells
the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can first be detected at least 50% of the time correctly is called the
absolute threshold
the process whereby the characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses that can travel along a nerve through the brain is called
transduction
you notice there is a soft humming sound coming from your kitchen. after several minutes, you become aware that its getting louder. the smallest change between two stimuli that people can perceive correctly 50% of the time is called the
difference threshold
when you first bought a new watch, you definitely felt the new watchband on your wrist. However, after several hours, you completely forgot that you even had a watch on. this diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is called
sensory adaptation
in the middle ear, the hammer, anvil, and stirrup are 3 types of little bones known as the
ossicles
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the back of the retina and which contains no receptor cells is called the
blind spot
sensory neurons that respond to particular characteristics of a stimulus, such as its shape, angle, or color (wheres waldo)
feature detectors
the general function of the bones of the middle ear is to
transfer sound info from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
transduction occurs in which part of the ear
the cochlea
the thalamus processes info for all of the following senses except
smell
a man dressed in a gorillas suit walks through a crowd playing bball. witnesses of this event were so focused on the bball that they didnt notice the man in the gorilla suit. this is
inattentional blindness
in psych, gestalt principles are used to explain
perceptual organization
where is the vestibular sense located
in the inner ear
photoreceptors relay visual info to the brain through which of the following cells
bipolar and ganglion
another name for the eardrum is the
tympanic membrane
damage to which structure would inhibit the transduction of light into neural activity
the retina
the color vision theory stating that there are 3 types of color receptors in the retina-red, blue, and green- and that combos of activation of these receptors can produce perception of any hue in the visible spectrum. this theory is called the
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. on the last trial, Bob said that he saw a stimulus and in fact there was NO stimulus present. Bobs answer would be classified as
false alarm
Susan is participating in an absolute threshold study on hearing. She just said that she was able to hear a sound and in fact, a sound was actually presented to her. Susan’s response would be an example of a
hit
Feature detectors are located in the
primary visual cortex
which specific brain wave patterns occur right before falling asleep when you are very relaxed
alpha
the deepest stages of sleep, stage 3 and 4 are signified by which brain pattern
delta
in what stage does dreaming usually occur
the REM stage
Somnambulism is the technical term for
sleepwalking
During a heated argument, Mr Smith suddenly lapsed from being awake and alert into REM stage of sleep for a few moments. Which seizure-like sleep disorder does he have?
narcolepsy
Generally, in what stage of sleep does a night terror occur in children?
stage 4
What is the name of the brain wave pattern that occurs when one is wide awake and alert
Beta
A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-25 hr cycle is called
circadian rythym
a sleep disorder in which there is a temporary stoppage of breathing during the deeper sleep cycles is called
sleep apnea
during REM sleep, which is most likely to occur in most people
suppressed muscle tone
Theta brain wave patterns occur in which stage of sleep
Stage 1
Sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep
Stage 2
When you become aware of the fact that you are asleep and dreaming and or can control the content of your dream, it is referred to as
a lucid dream
in court, the defendent claimed that he was not guilty of killing his mom bc he suffered from a sleep disorder. An expert witness testified that the disorder might lead him to sleepwalk and act out violently during his dreams. the disorder is called:
REM behavior disorder
according to Freud, the disguised, deep hidden psychological meaning of a dream is specifically called its
latent content
What is the REM Rebound effect
it occurs when a person has been sleep deprived; when one falls asleep, you go quickly into the REM stage and stay there longer at the beginning of the night’s sleep to make up for lost REM
Hypnosis has been used most successfully when
the control of pain and discomfort
Which theory of dreams states that dreams are the by-product of neural activity in the lower brain?
activation-synthesis theory
Zach often goes drinking with friends. Over time, he realizes that he can drink a lot more alcohol than he used to and still not get drunk. His body’s decreasing responsiveness to the drug is called
Tolerance
a drug classification that includes medications that lessen pain by mimicking endorphins is called
Opiates
which is not a stimulant? Alcohol, cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines
alcohol
you train your dog to walk on his hind legs by first reinforcing rearing, then standing up, and ten taking more and more steps. this technique of strengthening behavior successive approximations is called
shaping
Albert Bandura’s BOBO doll experiment emphasized the powerful impact on what type of learning
observational learning
According to Edward Thorndike, if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by a reward, that same response is more likely to be made the next time the stimulus is encountered. He referred to this as
the Law of Effect
Receiving your paycheck on friday at 3pm is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule
fixed interval
Carl has learned to fear the bell on his phone bc every time the phone rings a prank caller starts shouting at him. he now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Carl is affected by stimulus:
generalization
for operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response
immediately after
Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for taste associated with
sickness
according to what schedule of reinforcement do slot machines in Las Vegas pay off
variable ratio
Pavlovs dog has stopped salivating to the sound of a bell. the response has been extinguished. a few weeks later, Pavlov places the dog back into the lab setting and rings a bell wo the UCS. if the dog should start to salivate even a small amount, this would be called
spontaneous recovery
Wolfgang Kohler considered Sultan the chimps sudden awareness of a solution to his problem of how to reach the bananas is evidence of
insight
after several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of classical conditioning if the dog salivates when
the tone only is presented
response that was most likely acquired through classical conditioning
a childs fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog
in ivan pavlovs experiments in classical conditioning, the dogs salivation was
both an unconditioned and conditioned response
after learning to fear a white rabbit, baby albert also demonstrated a fear of a white rat, santa mask, and other things white and furry. this demonstrates
stimulus generalization
punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the
punishment is delivered immediately after the behavior
an individuals fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been
extinguished
taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes
negative reinforcement
which approach to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior
behaviorist
a reinforcement system that utilizes such things as points or chips that can be redeemed later for tangible rewards to reinforce desired behavior is called
a token economy
when tom comes home late one night, his parents are angry and take away his phone and car privileges for a week. toms parents are using
punishment
your interview for a job you really want on a monday. they tell you that they will call you at the end of the week to notify you if you get the job or not. this is an example of what type of schedule of reinforcement
variable interval
the concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations
a college student is no longer kept awake by her roomates late night typing
you stay inside on very hot days because you dont want to expose yourself to the heat. by doing so, you dont subject yourself to such problems as sunburns and heatstroke, the learning that has taken place is most similar to which of the following
avoidance conditioning
best example of shaping
a teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten min on monday and more time throughout week
for extinction to occur, which must be true of the CR, CS, and UCS
the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength
individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting
learned helplessness
research has revealed that the cerebellum plays a particularly important role in the formation of
procedural memories
Jim has a hard time remembering to do things that he plans to do in the future. these memories are examples of ___ memories and the frontal lobe is thought to play a role in their retrieval
prospective
the inability of most people to remember personal experience from the first few years of their lives is technically called
infantile amnesia
john is feeling very happy and content today and has noticed that he seems to have a better memory for several positive events from his past. this example of improved recall best demonstrates the phenomenon of
mood congruent recall
just before leaving college at the end of her senior year, Gail decides to visit the dorm where she lived her first year and she remembered many events that took place in the dorm that she thought she had forgotten. Gail’s enhanced memory is most readily explained by the predictions of
context dependent memory
your memory of what happened to you on a childhood trip to Disney would best be considered an example of
episodic memory
mr jones wrote out a grocery list but forgot to take it with him to the store. rather than return for the list, he decided to buy as many items as he could remember. when he got home, he discovered that the foods he bought were mainly those that appeared at the beginning of his list. what is this
primacy effect
the following list of words were read aloud: sunshine, beach, ocean, sea, aardvark, lifeguard, waves, swim, tan, bikini. you remember aardvark-what is this
semantic distinctiveness
after being introduced to a roomfull of people, you discover that your memory is quite good for the last few names. this is an example of
recency effect
according to the serial position effect, which item from a list is LEAST likely to be remembered
the middle one
Korsakoff’s syndrome is a disorder
associated with chronic alcoholism
which theory of forgetting states that forgetfulness is due to the passage of time and not using the info stored
decay theory
Plaques and tangles are associated with which of the following diseases
Alzheimers disease
___ is best defined as intentional processing that requires conscious attention
effortful processing
a middle-school teacher places words such as “calm” and “success” on the walls of his classroom to impact the behavior and achievement of his students. what memory process is he using?
priming
what area of the brain plays a major role for encoding long term declarative memories, such as names, dates, and facts
hippocampus
how to ride a bike, tie your shoe, and drive a car are all examples of
procedural memories
what part of a brain is involved with remembering skills of how to do things such as riding a bike and driving a car
cerebellum
the memory problems of Alzheimers patients appear to be related to a deficiency in neurons that use which of the following neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
the psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory
retrieval
which process transfers info from sensory memory to short term memory
selective attention
in basic memory processes, the first basic process is known as
encoding
George was hurt in a motorcycle accident and suffered memory loss for info acquired prior to his head trauma. his problem is
retrograde amnesia
word list given, bunch of words that have to do with sleep, you say that
constructive memory (confabulation)
brian was hit in the head with a baseball. Afterwards, he seemed to be fine and could remember everything about his past, but was having trouble forming new memories.He could not convert new short term memories into long term memories. His doctor diagnosed his problem as
anterograde amnesia
George studied Spanish in high school. When he went to college, he decided to study Italian. He found the class very difficult bc he kept using Spanish vocab and Spanish verb endings. This difficulty in which previously learned info is getting in the way of learning new info is called
proactive interference
Dana is attempting to remember a list of items on a shopping list. She forms an image of her house and mentally places each item on the list in different locations throughout her house. Dana now associates each location in her house with different items on the list. Which of the following best describes this process?
method of loci
