Semester 1 Final

Question 1

Main parameters for measuring water quality

Answer 1

temperature - thermometer
pH - pH strip/scale
visibility/turbidity - secchi disk
oxygen concentration - oxygen meter
salinity - refractometer

Question 2

hydrogen bonds

Answer 2

creates strong cohesion between water molecules, caused by water’s polarity

Question 3

cohesion

Answer 3

the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind; water molecules have strong cohesive forces thanks to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another.

Question 4

pH of Ocean Water

Answer 4

enzymes and chemical reactions for metabolism functions only in a narrow pH range, in which they otherwise become de-natured
Dissolvability and transport of gases and ions across membranes greatly affected by pH
Biological structure such as bone shells affected by pH

Question 5

sources of ions in ocean water

Answer 5

positive ions: from rock and soil erosion
negative ions: from magma(volcanoes/rain)

Question 6

depth’s affect on colors

Answer 6

Violet, yellow, orange, red wavelengths don’t penetrate deep enough into the water to reflect off objects

Question 7

Pressure under water

Answer 7

increases in seawater one atmosphere every 10 meters
BOYLE’S LAW - when pressure on a gas increases, its volume decreases

Question 8

pH scale

Answer 8

acids are 0-6, neutral is 7, 8-14 is alkaline.
Acids have more H3O+ ions, while bases have more OH- ions

Question 9

Nitrogen’s significance

Answer 9

essential nutrient for organisms, especially plant nutrition, part of amino acids, nitrogenous bases, ATP
limits population size in most ecosystems

Question 10

Nitrogen cycle

Answer 10

nitrogen fixation - legumes fix into ammonia
nitrification - chemical reaction done by archaea and bacteria
ammonification - chemical reaction done by archaea and bacteria
assimilation-used in environment
denitrification-goes back into atmosphere

Question 11

eutrophication

Answer 11

nutrients washed into water, causing algae blooms occur, algae grow on water surface absorbing all the light and oxygen, cynobacteria eat the algae

caused by nitrogen runoff from fertilizer, sewage, and animal waste, nitrogen causes algae bloom that later dies and decomposes using all oxygen making water anoxic - toxic to fish and habitats

Question 12

excess nitrogen in plants

Answer 12

thickened and sometimes cupped leaves with atypically deep green color. Overfertilization can cause leaves to turn brown, gray, dark green, or yellow at margins and tips or overall. Affected foliage may wilt temporarily or die and drop prematurely.

Question 13

eutrophication solutions

Answer 13

oyster farming(oysters filter water, filtering water by eating algae) + upgrading septic systems + using less fertilizer

Question 14

bow, stern, port, starboard

Answer 14

front, back, left, right
all used in relation to ship’s bow

Question 15

hull

Answer 15

watertight body of the ship, which provides buoyancy and protects the contents of the ship. It’s essentially the main body of the ship that keeps it afloat.

Question 16

keel

Answer 16

backbone of the ship’s structure, running along the center of the hull bottom from the bow to the stern. It provides stability and prevents the ship from tipping over.

Question 17

deck

Answer 17

The ‘deck’ is the top of the ship, which serves as the roof of the hull.

Question 18

bridge

Answer 18

where the captain and the navigation officers control the ship. It’s equipped with a plethora of navigational tools, communication equipment, and control systems.

Question 19

knot

Answer 19

unit of speed used in aviation and maritime contexts, equivalent to one nautical mile per hour. It’s worth noting that a nautical mile is slightly longer than a land-based mile.

Question 20

draft

Answer 20

vertical distance between the waterline and the lowest point of the hull.

Question 21

rudder

Answer 21

flat piece of metal or wood, hinged vertically at the stern, which controls the ship’s steering direction.

Question 22

propeller

Answer 22

often found near the rudder, a rotating device that propels the ship through the water.

Question 23

mast

Answer 23

tall, vertical pole that rises from the deck, traditionally used to support sails, rigging, and navigation lights.

Question 24

boom

Answer 24

the horizontal pole extending from the bottom of the mast, which angles the sail to catch the wind.

Question 25

gunnel

Answer 25

the outermost top edge of a boat hull, usually where the deck and hull come together.

Question 26

freeboard

Answer 26

the distance between the waterline and the main deck or weather deck of a ship or between the level of the water and the upper edge of the side of a small boat

Question 27

titanic

Answer 27

Royal Mail ship built Belfast Island
Left Southampton, England to NYC in April 1912, carrying 2224 passengers, weighing 46,000 tons, equipped with state of the art tech
4 days into trip hit iceberg off coast of Newfoundland, 1500 passengers died

Question 28

possible causes for Titanic sink

Answer 28

1. travelling too fast
2. radio operator dismissed iceberg warning
3. ship may have taken wrong term, lack of terminology awareness
4. titanic’s builders cut costs, rivets not strong enough
5. mirages caused by atmospheric conditions hid iceberg
6. no binoculars were on ship
7. lack of lifeboats left a lot of people dead

Question 29

sonar

Answer 29

uses transmitter that emits soundwaves that reach ocean floor and bounce back, received by receiver, information interpreted by transducer

Question 30

active sonar vs passive sonar

Answer 30

passive sonar only detects sounds while active sonar uses transmitter to make sound waves, measuring time for them to return

Question 31

Bathymetric sonar

Answer 31

active sonar used to map seafloor and detect objects in watercolumn or along seafloor
gathers distance from seafloor, shape, and type of sea floor

Question 32

seismic sonar

Answer 32

active sonar determining what is under seafloor - rock layers, tectonic plate, often used for oil searching

Question 33

side scan sonar

Answer 33

used to determine what is on the bottom of the seafloor, towed behind vessel, and close to bottom of the ocean
used for identifying objects on bottom of ocean

Question 34

buoyancy

Answer 34

ability to float in water, determined if objects displace water with higher mass then object(less dense than water)

Question 35

AUV(automated underwater vehicle)

Answer 35

not tethered, battery powered, preg-programmed, used to measure water quality, bathymetric data, can be smaller and go deeper bc of no human inside, challenging to make to withstand pressure and locate after resurfacing, “swarming” work together to help navigate, can be free with no risk of human life, but can’t collect samples, only sonar, no communication, batteries decide how long it runs

Question 36

ROV(remotely operated vehicle)

Answer 36

tethered, tether powered, controlled by projection, long run times, inexpensive, no risk to human life, but limited mobility and less range

Question 37

HOV(human operated vehicle)

Answer 37

not tethered, battery-powered when small, engine when large, control is present, high mobility and range, but batteries and humans limit run time

Question 38

earth’s layers

Answer 38

core - hot center with melted nickel and iron and radioactive elements that decay and produce heat

mantle - magma

asthenosphere - molten liquid layer on which crust moves

lithosphere - plates sliding around

crust - brittle layer of rock

Question 39

convcection currents

Answer 39

generated by magma move continental plates

Question 40

convergent plate boundary

Answer 40

an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide

Question 41

divergent plate boundary

Answer 41

linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

Question 42

transform plate boundary

Answer 42

fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal

Question 43

oceanic crust will always subduct continental because

Answer 43

continental crust thicker but less dense than Oceanic Crust

Question 44

oceanic crust

Answer 44

uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates

Question 45

continental crust

Answer 45

the relatively thick part of the earth’s crust that forms the large landmasses. It is generally older and more complex than the oceanic crust.

Question 46

subduction

Answer 46

the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth’s crust into the mantle beneath another plate

Question 47

convection

Answer 47

The density- and heat-driven cycling, transfer or circulation of energy through which material initially warms up and becomes relatively less dense, then rises, cools and becomes relatively more dense, and finally sinks.

Question 48

earth’s continents are thought to have been once one called Pangea because of

Answer 48

puzzle like shapes and specific fossils found across oceans on different continents at same latitude

Question 49

Continental margin made up of

Answer 49

cont. shelf
cont. slope
cont. rise

Question 50

continental shelf

Answer 50

shallow submerged extension of continents, made of granite, covered by sediment, slopes gently to ocean basin but generally flat, width relates to slope of land it borders

The West Coast has a narrow shelf(bigger waves) while the east coast has a wide shelf

Question 51

continental slope

Answer 51

transition between cont. shelf+rise, begins at shelf’s break, abrupt change in landscape, contains less sediment

Question 52

continental rise

Answer 52

gentle slope of base of cont. slope

Question 53

submarine canyone

Answer 53

similar to on land, caused by river systems on earth, formed by turbidity currents, sediment and water erode slope and gain speed as sweep down. also caused by earthquakes of sediment collapses

Question 54

ocean basin

Answer 54

floor of ocean, covering more of earth’s surface than land, composed of basalite rock covered by sediments

Question 55

abyssal plain

Answer 55

bottom of ocean basins, flat expanse, formed by sediment deposited by turbidity currents, covering %40 of ocean floor

Question 56

guyots

Answer 56

flat topped sea mounts eroded by currents

Question 57

sea mounts

Answer 57

steep sided formation rising sharply from bottom, formed from underwater volcanoes, mostly in Pacific

Question 58

ridges and rises

Answer 58

divergent plate boundaries form series of large, underwater volcanic mountains, running through every ocean, stretching 68,000km, site of seafloor spreading

Question 59

trenches

Answer 59

convergent plate boundary where seafloor is being destroyed, usually associated with chains of volcanic islands

Question 60

mariana trench

Answer 60

deepest trench on earth, deepest spot 7 miles down

Question 61

biogenous sediment

Answer 61

shells of plankton

Question 62

lithogenous sediment

Answer 62

made from chemical and mechanical weathering of rocks on land

Question 63

hydrothermal vents

Answer 63

In 1977, scientists diving in HOV Alvin made a stunning discovery: openings in the Pacific Ocean seafloor with warm, chemical-rich fluids flowing out. Later trips revealed previously unknown organisms and entire ecosystems around the vents, thriving in the absence of sunlight–a phenomenon that scientists didn’t think was possible. These discoveries fundamentally changed our understanding of life on Earth.

Like hot springs and geysers on land, hydrothermal vents form in volcanically active areas—often on mid-ocean ridges, where Earth’s tectonic plates are spreading apart. In these areas, magma wells up to the surface or just below the seafloor. As ocean water percolates down through cracks and porous rocks, the super-hot magma causes chemical reactions that remove oxygen, magnesium, sulfates, and other chemicals from the water. In the process, the fluids become hotter and more acidic, causing them to leach metals such as iron, zinc, copper, lead, and cobalt from the surrounding rocks. The heated fluids rise back to the surface through openings in the seafloor, known as hydrothermal vents. The fluid temperatures can reach 400°C (750°F) or more, but they do not boil under the extreme pressure of the deep ocean.

As they pour out of a vent, the fluids encounter cold, oxygenated seawater, causing another, more rapid series of chemical reactions to occur. Sulfur and other solids precipitate–or come out of solution–to form metal-rich towers and deposits of minerals on the seafloor–some reaching over 30 feet (10 meters) tall! These minerals sometimes are visible in the gushing fluid, which is why some hydrothermal vents are called white or black “smokers.”

Question 64

hydrothermal vent communities

Answer 64

depend on chemosynthetic bacteria that convert hydrogen sulfide and other chemicals in the vent fluids into sugar for energy. These “chemosynthetic” bacteria provide food for larger organisms such as tubeworms, shrimp, and mussels.

Question 65

photosynthesis vs chemosynthesis

Answer 65

Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria, wherever there is sufficient sunlight, be it on land, in shallow water, or even inside and below clear ice. All photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar (food) and oxygen: CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Chemosynthesis occurs in bacteria and other organisms and involves the use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food. All chemosynthetic organisms use energy released by chemical reactions to make a sugar, but different species use different pathways. For example, at hydrothermal vents, vent bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide, add carbon dioxide and oxygen, and produce sugar, sulfur, and water: CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O. Other bacteria make organic matter by reducing sulfide or oxidizing methane.