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Biology 9 > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

How does water get into the roots?

A
  1. Plants have to have a hypertonic (more) solution compared to the hypotonic (less) one in the soil.
  2. Water moves through osmosis (hypo to hyper), so water moves from the soil to the roots.
  3. The way the plant absorbs more water is by root hairs and mycorrhizae. Root hairs increase the surface area of the roots and allow for more water intake. Mycorrhizae is a secondary root system created by fungi which also increase the surface area.
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2
Q

What relationship do fungi and roots have?

A

Fungi and roots have a symbiotic relationship as the plant provides fungi with glucose (which it needs to survive) and the fungi provide the plant with more water.

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3
Q

What is the region of cell-division?

A

region of the root where new cells are made

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4
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A
  1. Fungi that lives entangles in the roots.
  2. Decomposers that are a part of the nitrogen cycle
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5
Q

What three things increase the surface area of a plant’s roots?

A
  1. root hairs
  2. mycorrhizae
  3. branching of the roots
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6
Q

What facts are true about photosynthesis? (9)

A
  1. happens in plants
  2. inputs are CO2 and H2O
  3. needs chlorophyll
  4. outputs are glucose and oxygen
  5. converts light energy into chemical energy
  6. occurs in leaf cells
  7. occurs in chloroplasts
  8. traps energy in glucose
  9. uses sunlight
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7
Q

What facts are true about cellular respiration? (9)

A
  1. happens in animals
  2. inputs are glucose and oxygen
  3. occurs in all cells
  4. occurs in mitochondria
  5. outputs are CO2 and H2O
  6. produces ATP
  7. releases energy from glucose
  8. happens in plants
  9. occurs in leaf cells
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8
Q

What facts are true about both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? (2)

A
  1. happens in plants
  2. occurs in leaf cells
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9
Q

What are true about nucleic acids? (5)

A
  1. is a biomolecule
  2. contains nitrogen and phosphorus
  3. is DNA
  4. contains genetic information
  5. has 4 nitrogenous bases
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10
Q

What are true about lipids? (1)

A
  1. is a biomolecule
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11
Q

What are true about carbs? (5)

A
  1. is a biomolecule
  2. has a ratio of C6 H12 O6
  3. glucose, cellulose, and starch
  4. makes up the plant cell wall
  5. primary substance in roots and fruits
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12
Q

What are true about proteins? (2)

A
  1. is a biomolecule
  2. contains nitrogen
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13
Q

What has no effect on photosynthesis? (2)

A
  1. increase in O2
  2. increase in number of mitochondria
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14
Q

What does a tree do with extra glucose?

A

stores it as starch or cellulose to grow cells in roots, trunk, and leaves

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15
Q

What would a root most likely test positive for?

A

starch, cellulose, and a little glucose

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16
Q

What type of carb is present in leaves?

A

no starch
cellulose
a little glucose

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17
Q

What type of carb is present in fruits?

A

cellulose and glucose
not much starch

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18
Q

What type of carb is present in wood?

A

yes to cellulose and glucose
no starch

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19
Q

What is each part in sugar water?

A

sugar - solute
water - solvent
sugar water - solution

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20
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

When pressure is applied to the hypertonic solution and it transfers to the hypotonic solution, leaving many solute particles behind.

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21
Q

Why don’t plant cells pinch during cytokinesis?

A
  • only animal cells do
  • plant cells don’t because cellulose makes the cell well too rigid
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22
Q

What is isotonic?

A

equal concentration and no flow of water, so the cell is stable

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23
Q

What indicators show different carbs?

A

Bendict’s - glucose
Lugol’s - starch
Schlutz’s - cellulose

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24
Q

What are cellulose and starch and how do they differ?

A
  • they are both chains of glucose
  • they differ in the way that their molecules are joined together
25
Q

What is the effect of the structures of carbs in comparison to proteins and fats?

A

Since carbs have a more simple structure than proteins and fats, it releases glucose very quickly compared to proteins and fats (which release glucose slowly).

Carbs are a quicker source of energy.

26
Q

What is transpiration?

A
  • creates cooling effect that drives the water cycle
  • helps in the movement of water and minerals
  • a way that water moves into root hairs
27
Q

How can water move up a tree?

A
  1. Water moves through xylem tubes.
  2. Sun causes water molecules to move out of the stomata.
  3. When one molecule goes, they are all pulled because they are linked.
28
Q

Where is there most of starch, cellulose, and glucose?

A

roots - starch
leaves - cellulose
glucose - fruits

29
Q

Give 2 characteristics of buffalo.

A
  1. don’t migrate
  2. stay near water sources
30
Q

Name the 3 habitats of the Serengeti.

A
  1. hilly woodlands
  2. savannas
  3. grasslands
31
Q

What is the cause of the geographic diversity?

A

extreme weather conditions (combo of heat and wind)

32
Q

How did diverse habitats emerge?

A

a series of volcanoes, which added mountains and craters

33
Q

What are kopjes?

A

granite boulder outcroppings that interrupt plains and play host to separate ecosystems

in savannas

34
Q

Which animal was concentrated in the most and least areas?

A

most - buffalo
least - Thomson’s gazelle

35
Q

What season do buffalo compete for food in?

A

dry season because in the wet season, no other animal eats the same plants as buffalo

36
Q

What happened to the climate of the Serengeti?

A
  • got more dry
  • rainfall decreased
37
Q

What do seasonal rains do?

A
  • cause more grass to grow, so buffalo would have more food
38
Q

What do buffalo fences do?

A
  • restrict the amount of space they have to roam
  • there is not enough space and food to support the original population
39
Q

Why did the buffalo population keep returning to 40?

A
  • because their habitat couldn’t support a larger population as they weren’t enough resources
40
Q

What impact does rainfall and less grassland have on carrying capacity?

A

rainfall: more means more grass will grow (which is food for the buffalo), so the CC will increase

less grassland: when there is less grassland because less grass means less food and space, so CC would decrease

41
Q

What is the relation between primary producers and primary consumers?

A

primary producers are at the bottom of the food pyramid and are usually photosynthetic organisms

primary consumers eat the producers for energy

42
Q

Method of vaccination of cattle:

A
  • only 2-3 year olds were vaccinated because 1 year olds were protected by maternal antibodies and older animals were all survivors
43
Q

What role does migration have on population growth?

A

migration gives wildebeest and buffalo more access to food and consistent water sources, which made their population grow

44
Q

Why were only the cattle vaccinated and not the buffalo?

A
  • because cattle were domesticated
45
Q

What does it mean if there are longer period of time between waves of rinderpest?

A

longer between outbursts mean more animals die

46
Q

Which animals are found in the 3 habitats of the Serengeti?

A

grasslands - zebras and wildebeest

savannas - gazelles and ostriches

hilly woodlands - elephants

47
Q

Which animals follow the hard, posing a significant threat?

A

lions and cheetahs

48
Q

Why are populations of top carnivores always smaller than populations of herbivores?

A

because top carnivores don’t take in a lot of energy from their food, so they need more food than herbivores.

if there were more top carnivores, competition would increase and each animal wouldn’t get enough food, so it would return to its low carrying capacity.

49
Q

what does the word “trophic” mean?

A

feeding or nutrition

50
Q

What are limiting factors?

A

an environmental factor that causes a population to decrease such as space, food, water, weather…

51
Q

What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?

A

heartwood is older, in the center of the trunk, and is filled with resins

sapwood is outside the heartwood and transports water.

52
Q

What are root hairs attached to?

A

epidermal cells

53
Q

How do plants maintain a hypertonic solution in root hairs?

A

maintaining high levels of glucose

54
Q

Do plant cells have mitochondria or chloroplasts?

A

they have both

55
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

getting energy from the food you eat

56
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

takes the glucose from your food and the oxygen from your lungs to convert it to ATP

57
Q

Difference between anaerobic and aerobic.

A

anaerobic is without oxygen and aerobic is with oxygen

58
Q

Where does cell division happen?

A

the vascular cambium and it makes new xylem and phloem

Biology 9 (3 decks)

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