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Biology > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A

A particular way of knowing about the world

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

What the experiment will deliberately change or manipulate in the investigation

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

What changes in response to the independent variable

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4
Q

Control

A

Group used for comparison with your experiment. This is the “normal group”

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5
Q

Constants

A

The aspects of an experiment that are held consistent

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6
Q

Objective

A

Verifiable observation
Ex: water boils at 100 degrees Celsius

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7
Q

Subjective

A

Based on personal opinions and feelings, NOT FACTS

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8
Q

Quantitative

A

Uses numbers to measure something

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9
Q

Qualitative

A

Describes qualities

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10
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells

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11
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Likes water

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12
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels from water

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13
Q

Concentration

A

Amount of solute dissolved in solvent

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14
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Particles move from high concentration to low concentration (no energy needed)

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15
Q

Passive transport

A

Requires no extra energy

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Requires extra energy to be spent

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17
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

The spreading out of molecules across a membrane until equilibrium is reached

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

A transport protein helps to facilitate diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the cell membrane

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

The simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane

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20
Q

Solution

A

Uniform mixture of two or more substances

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21
Q

Solute

A

What gets dissolved

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22
Q

Solvent

A

Does the dissolving

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23
Q

Homeostasis/Equilibrium

24
Q

Isotonic

A

Identical water to cells cytoplasm ->
Cell stays the same

25
Q

Hypertonic

A

Water is lower that the cell’s cytoplasm -> net movement of water out of the cell (cell shrivels)

26
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water is higher than the cell’s cytoplasm -> net movement of water into a cell (cell swells)

27
Q

Selective permeability

A

Ability to differentiate between what types of molecules can pass through the cell membrane

28
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA for a specific trait
Ex: brown eyes

29
Q

Genetic code

A

Instructions in a gene to make that specific protein

30
Q

Genome

A

All genetic material in an organism

31
Q

Chromosome

A

Supercoiled threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information.

32
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. A molecule that contains the genetic coding necessary for reproduction of living cells.

33
Q

Double helix

A

Shape of DNA

34
Q

5’

A

Phosphate on the end

35
Q

3’

A

Sugar on the end

36
Q

Antiparallel

A

Parallel but moving in different directions (5’-3’)

37
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. Helix shape

38
Q

Adenine

A

Double ringed purine

39
Q

Guanine

A

Double ringed purine

40
Q

Cytosine

A

A single ringed pyrimidine

41
Q

Thymine

A

A single ringed pyrimidine

42
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogenous base with connected 6 and 5 sided ring

43
Q

Pyrimidine

A

6 sided nitrogenous base

44
Q

Chargoff’s Rule

A

The bond between A=T & C=G. The statement that some nitrogenous bases have relatively the same amount as others

45
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Strong bonds that connect the bases,sugar, and phosphate groups in DNA

46
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weaker than covalent bonds. Connect GC and AT

47
Q

Helicase

A
  • Enzymes that unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds
  • Separates DNA into single strands
48
Q

DNA Binding Proteins

A
  • Binds to DNA after it has been split to keep the two strands apart
  • Prevents bonds from reforming
49
Q

Replication Fork

A
  • Space where replication occurs
  • Moves with helicase
50
Q

RNA Primase

A
  • Identify and signal the starting point(s) of where DNA replication should begin
  • Provides a landing site
  • Placed only on single stranded DNA as close to the 3’ end as possible
51
Q

DNA Polymerase

A
  • MVP
  • Enzyme that scans the original DNA strand and adds complementary nucleotides
  • Must add from 5’ -> 3’
52
Q

Free Nucleotides

A
  • Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
  • Floating around in nucleus
  • Building blocks of new DNA
53
Q

Leading/Lagging Strand

A
  • DNA is replaced on both strands of DNA at the same time
  • Polymerase moves along the original template (3’-5’, Adds new DNA 5’-3’)
  • Leading = DNA polymerase works in same direction as helicase (continuous)
  • Lagging = DNA polymerase works in opposite direction as helicase (discontinuous)
54
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A
  • Short chunks of newly formed DNA on the lagging strand
  • Results from the discontinuous addition of new nucleotides
55
Q

DNA Ligase

A
  • Enzyme that glues Okazaki fragments together by adding covalent bonds between sugars and phosphates
  • Converts the discontinuous strand into a continuous strand

Biology (4 decks)

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